Long-Term Responses to Loss of Renal Mass: Tubular Changes: A Micropuncture Study of HCO3 Reabsorption by the Hypertrophied Proximal Tubule

In rats with renal failure produced by excision of one kidney and infarction of large portions of the other kidney, given a low calcium, high phosphorus diet for 2-3 weeks, GFR was reduced by 80 percent, the fractional excretion of sodium increased from 7 to 23 percent, that of bicarbonate from 16 to 23 percent and that of water from 4 to 13 percent. Single nephron GFR in the remaining nephrons was nearly doubled and end-proximal TF/P_In was depressed from 2.3 to 1.8, and proximal TF/P_HCO3 from 0.52 to 0.35, the latter figure corresponding to an increase of absolute proximal HCO₃ reabsorption from 1.7 to 3.5 nEq/min or from 2.8 to 3.2 Eq/L of single nephron glomerular filtrate. Acute parathyroidectomy had no influence on the fall of GFR or the rise of SNGFR in the remaining nephrons and failed to cause any significant changes in proximal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption. Parathyroidectomy, on the other hand, practically prevented the rise of the fractional excretion of sodium and of water and inverted the rise of the fractional excretion of bicarbonate to a fall. The data are interpreted to indicate that secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal failure impairs distal nephron bicarbonate and sodium reabsorption and, thus, contributes to the maintenance of sodium balance, but could possibly aggravate acidosis.     

XIAP antisense oligonucleotide (AEG35156) achieves target knockdown and induces apoptosis preferentially in CD34<Superscript>+</Superscript>38<Superscript>−</Superscript> cells in a phase 1/2 study of patients with relapsed/refractory AML

XIAP, a potent caspase inhibitor, is highly expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and contributes to chemoresistance. A multi-center phase 1/2 trial of XIAP antisense oligonucleotide AEG35156 in combination with idarubicin/cytarabine was conducted in 56 patients with relapsed/refractory AML. Herein we report the pharmacodynamic studies of the patients enrolled at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. A total of 13 patients were enrolled in our institution: five in phase 1 (12–350 mg/m² AEG35156) and eight in phase 2 (350 mg/m² AEG35156) of the protocol. AEG35156 was administered on 3 consecutive days and then weekly up to a maximum of 35 days. Blood samples were collected from patients on days 1 through 5 and on day 28–35 post-chemotherapy for detection of XIAP levels and apoptosis. AEG35156 treatment led to dose-dependent decreases of XIAP mRNA levels (42–100% reduction in phase 2 patients). XIAP protein levels were reduced in all five samples measured. Apoptosis induction was detected in 1/4 phase 1 and 4/5 phase 2 patients. Importantly, apoptosis was most pronounced in CD34 ⁺ 38 ⁻ AML stem cells and all phase 2 patients showing apoptosis induction in CD34 ⁺ 38 ⁻ cells achieved response. We conclude that at 350 mg/m², AEG35156 is effective in knocking down XIAP in circulating blasts accompanied by the preferential induction of apoptosis in CD34 ⁺ 38 ⁻ AML stem cells.     

Pronounced hypoxia in models of murine and human leukemia: high efficacy of hypoxia-activated prodrug PR-104

Recent studies indicate that interactions between leukemia cells and the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment promote leukemia cell survival and confer resistance to anti-leukemic drugs. There is evidence that BM microenvironment contains hypoxic areas that confer survival advantage to hematopoietic cells. In the present study we investigated whether hypoxia in leukemic BM contributes to the protective role of the BM microenvironment. We observed a marked expansion of hypoxic BM areas in immunodeficient mice engrafted with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Consistent with this finding, we found that hypoxia promotes chemoresistance in various ALL derived cell lines. These findings suggest to employ hypoxia-activated prodrugs to eliminate leukemia cells within hypoxic niches. Using several xenograft models, we demonstrated that administration of the hypoxia-activated dinitrobenzamide mustard, PR-104 prolonged survival and decreased leukemia burden of immune-deficient mice injected with primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Together, these findings strongly suggest that targeting hypoxia in leukemic BM is feasible and may significantly improve leukemia therapy.     

Isolation of Beauveria species from Lebanon and evaluation of its efficacy against the cedar web-spinning sawfly, Cephalcia tannourinensis

Larvae of the cedar web-spinning sawfly, Cephalcia tannourinensis Chevin (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae), infected with a white fungus were collected from the Tannourine-Hadath El-Jebbeh cedar forest. Macro- and micro-morphological data based on the examination of colonies, conidiophores, and conidial shape of the fungus suggested a Beauveria species. Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions of the isolated fungus showed that it is most closely related to isolates of B. bassiana Clade C. The present study showed that the isolated B. bassiana is a naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungus parasitizing the larvae of C. tannourinensis in Lebanon. Laboratory bioassays showed that B. bassiana caused high mortality of eggs and larvae. The infected eggs turned brownish in color, while larvae of the first instar ceased feeding and showed immobility and rigidity within 5 days and before sporulating conidial mat appeared on their cuticle. Second and third larval instars took longer time to show fungal sporulation: mortalities ranged between 85 and 100% within 7 days when treated with different conidial concentrations. The efficacy of control of C. tannourinensis using B. bassiana was higher or equal to the reference insect growth regulator, diflubenzuron, suggesting the possibility of its success as a biological control agent.     

Unique properties of muscularis mucosae smooth muscle in guinea pig urinary bladder

The muscularis mucosae, a type of smooth muscle located between the urothelium and the urinary bladder detrusor, has been described, although its properties and role in bladder function have not been characterized. Here, using mucosal tissue strips isolated from guinea pig urinary bladders, we identified spontaneous phasic contractions (SPCs) that appear to originate in the muscularis mucosae. This smooth muscle layer exhibited Ca(2+) waves and flashes, but localized Ca(2+) events (Ca(2+) sparks, purinergic receptor-mediated transients) were not detected. Ca(2+) flashes, often in bursts, occurred with a frequency (～5.7/min) similar to that of SPCs (～4/min), suggesting that SPCs are triggered by bursts of Ca(2+) flashes. The force generated by a single mucosal SPC represented the maximal force of the strip, whereas a single detrusor SPC was ～3% of maximal force of the detrusor strip. Electrical field stimulation (0.5-50 Hz) evoked force transients in isolated detrusor and mucosal strips. Inhibition of cholinergic receptors significantly decreased force in detrusor and mucosal strips (at higher frequencies). Concurrent inhibition of purinergic and cholinergic receptors nearly abolished evoked responses in detrusor and mucosae. Mucosal SPCs were unaffected by blocking small-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (SK) channels with apamin and were unchanged by blocking large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK) channels with iberiotoxin (IbTX), indicating that SK and BK channels play a much smaller role in regulating muscularis mucosae SPCs than they do in regulating detrusor SPCs. Consistent with this, BK channel current density in myocytes from muscularis mucosae was ～20% of that in detrusor myocytes. These findings indicate that the muscularis mucosae in guinea pig represents a second smooth muscle compartment that is physiologically and pharmacologically distinct from the detrusor and may contribute to the overall contractile properties of the urinary bladder.     

Association of a new chromosomal deletion [del(1)(q32q42)] with diaphragmatic hernia: assignment of a human ferritin gene

Summary A newborn male with a large diaphragmatic hernia presented in severe respiratory distress. Additional features included a paucity of subcutaneous tissue, mild facial dysmorphism, webbing of the neck, genital hypoplasia, and flexion contractures of the fingers. His karyotype showed a previously unreported de novo interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 1[46,XY,de(1)(pterq32.3::q42.3qter)]. Regional mapping of five human genes that have been provisionally assigned to chromosome 1 was performed by restriction analysis of genomic DNA from this patient. Glucocerebrosidase, H4 histone, renin, and alpha-spectrin genes mapped outside the delected region, whereas an H subunit of the ferritin gene mapped to 1q32q42. These results indicate the utility of chromosomal deletions in gene mapping, and the importance of karyotype analysis in newborns with diaphragmatic hernias.