Interaction of human thrombospondin with types I-V collagen: direct binding and electron microscopy

Binding of thrombospondin (TSP) to types I-V collagen was examined by direct binding assays using 125I-TSP and by visualization of rotary-shadowed intermolecular complexes in the electron microscope. The binding of TSP was highest to type V collagen in the absence of Ca, while lower but significant levels of binding were observed to all other collagen types in the presence or absence of Ca. Unlike intact TSP, the trimeric collagen-binding domain of TSP composed of 70-kD chains showed no Ca dependence in its binding to type V collagen. Further evidence for binding of TSP to types I and III collagen was obtained by competition studies in which these soluble collagens effectively inhibited binding of 125I-TSP to immobilized type V collagen. The binding of TSP to type V collagen was inhibited by heparin and fucoidin, both high-affinity ligands of TSP's heparin-binding domain. mAb A6.1, which binds to the 70-kD domain of TSP, is also the best of a panel of anti-TSP mAbs at inhibiting the TSP-collagen interaction. Electron microscopy of rotary-shadowed replicas of TSP-collagen complexes revealed that all five types of collagen examined had a binding site for TSP at one end of the pepsinized, triple helical molecule. The specificity of this site was tested by examining the ability of BSA to form a complex with the end of the pepsinized collagens. Rotary-shadowed replicas revealed a low frequency of apparent BSA-collagen complexes, and histograms of these data showed no evidence for the preferential association of BSA with the end of the collagen molecules. In addition to the specific end site, type V collagen had an internal binding site for TSP located about two-thirds of the distance along the length of the collagen molecule from the end site. The internal binding site for TSP on type V collagen is apparently the site responsible for the higher affinity binding of TSP to that protein observed in direct binding assays. The trimeric 70-kD collagen-binding domain of TSP bound to the same sites on the collagens as did intact TSP.     

Characterization of acute and latent herpes simplex virus infection of dorsal root ganglia in rats.

The characteristics of HSV type-1 infection following subcutaneous inoculation in the dorsum of one hind paw of Sprague-Dawley rats were studied to determine whether infection in rats might more closely parallel the infection in man than is seen in other animals. The serologic and virologic characteristics of acute and latent ganglion infection conformed to those of human infection. Immunohistochemical studies suggested that sensory ganglion infection arose via centripetal axonal migration of virus as is hypothesized in man. In rat, small type B neuronal cell bodies appeared central to the maintenance of latent infection and reactivation observed during cocultivation of lumbar ganglia. Acute and latent lumbar sensory ganglion infection in rats after subcutaneous hind paw injection of HSV-1 appears to be another suitable model of this infection in man.     

Mapping of epitopes for monoclonal antibodies against human platelet thrombospondin with electron microscopy and high sensitivity amino acid sequencing

A panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mab's) has been raised against human platelet thrombospondin (TSP). One Mab, designated A2.5, inhibits the hemagglutinating activity of TSP and immunoprecipitates the NH2 terminal 25 kD heparin binding domain of TSP (Dixit, V.M., D. M. Haverstick, K. M. O'Rourke, S. W. Hennessy, G. A. Grant, S. A. Santoro, and W. A. Frazier, 1985, Biochemistry, in press). Another Mab, C6.7, blocks the thrombin-stimulated aggregation of live platelets and immunoprecipitates an 18-kD fragment distinct from the heparin binding domain (Dixit, V. M., D. M. Haverstick, K. M. O'Rourke, S. W. Hennessy, G. A. Grant, S. A. Santoro, and W. A. Frazier, 1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82: 3472-3476). To determine the relative locations of the epitopes for these Mabs in the three-dimensional structure of TSP, we have examined TSP-Mab complexes by electron microscopy of rotary-shadowed proteins. The TSP molecule is composed of three 180-kD subunits, each of which consists of a small globular domain (approximately 8 nm diam) and a larger globular domain (approximately 16 nm diam) connected by a thin, flexible strand. The subunit interaction site is on the thin connecting strands, nearer the small globular domains. Mab A2.5 binds to the cluster of three small domains, indicating that this region contains the heparin binding domain and thus represents the NH2 termini of the TSP peptide chains. Mab C6.7 binds to the large globular domains on the side opposite the point at which the connecting strand enters the domain, essentially the maximum possible distance from the A2.5 epitope. Using high sensitivity automated NH2 terminal sequencing of TSP chymotryptic peptides we have ordered these fragments within the TSP peptide chain and have confirmed that the epitope for C6.7 in fact lies near the extreme COOH terminus of the peptide chain. In combination with other data, we have been able to construct a map of the linear order of the identified domains of TSP that indicates that to a large extent, the domains are arranged co-linearly with the peptide chain.     

Association of the cyclic AMP chemotaxis receptor with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton of Dictyostelium discoideum

Treatment of 6-h differentiated Dictyostelium discoideum cells with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100 dissolves away membranes and soluble components, as judged by marker enzyme distributions, leaving intact a cytoskeletal residue that contains approximately 10% of the cell protein and 50% of the actin. Nitrobenzooxadiazo-phallacidin staining for F-actin and electron microscopy of detergent-extracted whole-mounts indicate that the cytoskeletons retain the size and shape of intact cells and contain F-actin in cortical meshworks. The cytoskeletons contain little if any remaining membrane material by morphological criteria, and the plasma membrane enzymes cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase are absent from the insoluble residue, which retains only 15% of the membrane concanavalin A-binding glycoproteins. This detergent-insoluble residue retains a specific [3H]cAMP-binding site with the nucleotide specificity, rapid kinetics and approximate affinity of the cAMP receptor on intact cells. Upon detergent extraction of cells, the number of cAMP-binding sites increases 20-70%. The binding site is attached to the insoluble residue whether or not the cAMP receptor is occupied at the time of detergent addition. The pH dependence for recovery of the insoluble cAMP-binding site is much sharper than that on intact cells or membranes with an optimum at pH 6.1. Conditions of pH and ionic composition that lead to disruption of the cytoskeleton upon detergent treatment also result in the loss of cAMP binding. During differentiation, the detergent- insoluble cAMP binding increases in parallel with cell surface cAMP receptors and chemotaxis to cAMP.     

In Vitro Processing of Aleurain,a Barley Vacuolar Thiol Protease

Aleurain, originally described from its cDNA as a thiol protease [Rogers, J.C., Dean, D., and Heck, G.R. (1985). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 6512-6516], is characterized here as a glycoprotein that is targeted to a distinct vacuolar compartment in aleurone cells. Monospecific antibodies to a bacterial trpE-aleurain fusion protein were used to show that aleurain is made as a 42-kilodalton (kD) proenzyme (proaleurain) that is proteolytically processed in a post-Golgi compartment in two steps to form a 32-kD protein. The first processing step is the discrete loss of 9 kD from proaleurain to yield a 33-kD intermediate that is further processed by the gradual loss of 1 kD resulting in mature 32-kD aleurain. Using proaleurain secreted from Xenopus oocytes as a substrate, we established an in vitro system using aleurone cell extracts that correctly processes proaleurain to a stable protein that is indistinguishable from native barley aleurain as judged by partial digestion with staphylococcal V8 protease. Proaleurain is not capable of self-cleavage in the absence of aleurone cell extracts and mature aleurain appears not to participate in processing in vitro.     

Purification and properties of the cyclodextrinase of Bacillus sphaericus ATCC 7055

Bacillus sphaericus ATCC 7055 produced an intracellular cyclodextrinase (EC 3.2.1.54). It was purified by solublilising with Triton X-100, Q-Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography, phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B hydrophobic interaction chromatography and Superose-12 gel filtration and gave a single band on SDS-PAGE and preparative isoelectric focusing. The maxima for pH and temperature of the purified enzyme were pH 6.0–6.5 and 40°C. The enzyme had a relative molecular mass of 91 200–95 000 and an isoelectric point of 5.3. The amino-linked pseudotetrasaccharide, acarbose, inhibited activity. As well as cyclodextrins the enzyme was active on a broad range of substrates ranging in size from maltooligosaccharides (G3) to polysaccharides such as starch and pullulan, and branched cyclodextrins. End-product profiles of the cyclodextrinase on various substrates revealed that, upon hydrolysis of 1% (w/v) -, - and -cyclodextrin and maltoheptaose, glucose and maltose were the dominant end-products. Pullulan degradation resulted in panose (92%, w/v) as the main end-product, and glucose (27%, w/v) and maltose (37%, w/v) were the sole products formed from starch degradation.     

Effect of 2450 MHz microwave radiation on hematopoiesis of pregnant mice

In this study, the influence of 2450 MHz CW microwave radiation on hematopoiesis in pregnant mice was examined. Dams (mice CD-1 strain) were irradiated during Days 1-6 or 6-15 of pregnancy. The animals were irradiated for a total of 8 hr per day (two 4-hr exposures in 9 hr) at an average power density of 30 mW/cm2. Peripheral blood and bone marrow samples were obtained on Day 18 of pregnancy. The total leukocyte and differential leukocyte counts of peripheral blood samples were not affected by either exposure regimen. In addition, no effects were noted in either the erythroid or myeloid mitotic indices of bone marrow samples. Exposure of pregnant mice to microwave radiation under the conditions of these experiments had no effects on the investigated aspects of hematopoiesis.     

Effects of 2.45-GHz microwave radiation on embryonic quail hearts

Although exposure to nonionizing electromagnetic radiation has been reported to cause a variety of systemic alterations during embryonic development, there are few reports of the induction of specific physiologic or morphologic changes in the myocardium. This study was designed to examine the effects of microwave radiation on cardiogenesis in Japanese quail embryos exposed during the first eight days of development to 2.45-GHz continuous-wave microwaves at power densities of 5 or 20 mW/cm². The specific absorption rates were 4.0 and 16.2 mW/g, respectively. The ambient temperature for each exposure was set to maintain the embryonated eggs at 37.5 °C. This did not preclude thermal gradients in the irradiated embryos since microwaves may not be uniformly absorbed. The test exposure levels did not induce changes in either the morphology of the embryonic heart or the ultrastructure of the myocardial cells. Analysis of the enzymatic activities of lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and creatine phosphokinase failed to reveal any statistically significant differences between the nonexposed controls and those groups exposed to either 5 or 20 mW/cm². The data indicate that 2.45-GHz microwave radiation at 5 or 20 mW/cm² has no effect on the measured variables of the Japanese quail myocardium exposed during the first eight days of development.