SHORE B  NICHOLS AV  FREEMAN NK 《Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)》1953,83(2):216-220

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SCHWEPPE JS  FREEMAN S 《Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.)》1951,77(1):57-59

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MAXIME LAVOIE  PIERRE-YVES COLLIN  FLORENT LEMIEUX  HÉLÈNE JOLICOEUR  PIERRE CANAC-MARQUIS  SERGE LARIVIÈRE 《The Journal of wildlife management》2009,73(6):870-875

ABSTRACT In Quebec, Canada, harvest of bobcats (Lynx rufus) started to decline in 1985 and by 1991, harvest seasons were closed due to concerns of a perceived population decline. Since the closing of harvest season in 1991, the average temperature has increased, snow quantity has decreased, and important changes in agriculture and forest management have occurred. In light of changing conditions, the situation of Quebec bobcats needed reassessment. Thus, we analyzed harvest data to clarify the current status of bobcat populations in Quebec. From 1980 to 1991, bobcat harvest in Quebec was strongly correlated with bobcat harvest in Maine (USA), Nova Scotia (Canada), Ontario (Canada), and Vermont (USA). Extrapolations of harvest in Quebec relative to harvest in Maine, Ontario, Vermont, and Nova Scotia suggested an increase in number of bobcats after 1991. Mass of male and female bobcats before 1991 was less than mass of animals captured after 1991. Percentage of juveniles in the reported harvest before 1991 was higher than after 1991. However, percentage of males and litter sizes in the harvest did not differ before and after 1991. The geographic distribution of bobcats captured has gradually expanded after the closure of the harvest season. Our findings suggest that bobcat populations in Quebec have recovered from the 1985–1991 decline, and that the harvest season for this species could resume. This study also illustrates how managers can rely on data from neighboring jurisdiction to manage species when local harvest data is unavailable.  相似文献   

    

JOHN H. GRAHAM  KUNIO SHIMIZU  JOHN M. EMLEN  D. CARL FREEMAN  JOHN MERKEL 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2003,80(1):57-65

Multiplicative error accounts for much of the size-scaling and leptokurtosis in fluctuating asymmetry. It arises when growth involves the addition of tissue to that which is already present. Such errors are lognormally distributed. The distribution of the difference between two lognormal variates is leptokurtic. If those two variates are correlated, then the asymmetry variance will scale with size. Inert tissues typically exhibit additive error and have a gamma distribution. Although their asymmetry variance does not exhibit size-scaling, the distribution of the difference between two gamma variates is nevertheless leptokurtic. Measurement error is also additive, but has a normal distribution. Thus, the measurement of fluctuating asymmetry may involve the mixing of additive and multiplicative error. When errors are multiplicative, we recommend computing log  E ( l ) − log  E ( r ), the difference between the logarithms of the expected values of left and right sides, even when size-scaling is not obvious. If l and r are lognormally distributed, and measurement error is nil, the resulting distribution will be normal, and multiplicative error will not confound size-related changes in asymmetry. When errors are additive, such a transformation to remove size-scaling is unnecessary. Nevertheless, the distribution of l  −  r may still be leptokurtic.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 80, 57–65.  相似文献   

Population viability analysis of Cypripedium calceolus in a protected area: longevity, stability and persistence     

FLORENCE NICOLÈ  EMILIA BRZOSKO  IRÈNE TILL-BOTTRAUD 《Journal of Ecology》2005,93(4):716-726

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G. HMIMINA  E. DUFRÊNE  K. SOUDANI 《Plant, cell & environment》2014,37(2):473-487

The use of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) as a promising proxy of light use efficiency (LUE) has been extensively studied, and some issues have been identified, notably the sensitivity of PRI to leaf pigment composition and the variability in PRI response to LUE because of stress. In this study, we introduce a method that enables us to track the short‐term PRI response to LUE changes because of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) changes. The analysis of these short‐term relationships between PRI and LUE throughout the growing season in two species (Quercus robur L. and Fagus sylvatica L.) under two different soil water statuses showed a clear change in PRI response to LUE, which is related to leaf pigment content. The use of an estimated or approximated PRI0, defined as the PRI of perfectly dark‐adapted leaves, allowed us to separate the PRI variability due to leaf pigment content changes and the physiologically related PRI variability over both daily (PAR‐related) and seasonal (soil water content‐related) scales. The corrected PRI obtained by subtracting PRI0 from the PRI measurements showed a good correlation with the LUE over both of the species, soil water statuses and over the entire growing season.  相似文献   

    

D. CARL FREEMAN  MICHELLE L. BROWN  MELISSA DOBSON  YOLANDA JORDAN  ANNE KIZY  CHRIS MICALLEF  LEANDRIA C. HANCOCK  JOHN H. GRAHAM  JOHN M. EMLEN 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2003,78(1):27-41

Fluctuating asymmetry measures random deviations from bilateral symmetry, and thus estimates developmental instability, the loss of ability by an organism to regulate its development. There have been few rigorous tests of this proposition. Regulation of bilateral symmetry must involve either feedback between the sides or independent regulation toward a symmetric set point. Either kind of regulation should decrease asymmetry over time, but only right–left feedback produces compensatory growth across sides, seen as antipersistent growth following perturbation. Here, we describe the developmental trajectories of perturbed and unperturbed leaves of pumpkin, Cucurbita pepo L., grown at three densities. Covering one side of a leaf with aluminium foil for 24 h perturbed leaf growth. Reduced growth on the perturbed side caused leaves to become more asymmetrical than unperturbed controls. After the treatment the size-corrected asymmetry decreased over time. In addition, rescaled range analysis showed that asymmetry was antipersistent rather than random, i.e. fluctuation in one direction was likely to be followed by fluctuations in the opposite direction. Development involves right–left feedback. This feedback reduced size-corrected asymmetry over time most strongly in the lowest density treatment suggesting that developmental instability results from a lack of resilience rather than resistance.   © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 78, 27–41.  相似文献   

    

FREEMAN  P. R. 《Biometrika》1972,59(1):9-17

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DAGLEY S  FREEMAN LO  THOMPSON WR 《The Biochemical journal》1948,42(1):iv

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  总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

FREEMAN JA  WILBUR KM 《The Biological bulletin》1948,94(1):55-59

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