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The relationship between the rate of particle ingestion and the rate of Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT)-dye reduction by macrophages was studied after incubation of peritoneal exudate macrophages with heat-killed type VI pneumococci. The adherence to a polyethylene surface of the macrophages during the uptake of the pneumococci was determined as well. In some experiments pneumococci opsonized with heat-stable opsonins were used as material to beingested. The NBT-dye reduction and the surface adherence of the macrophages was enhanced when ingesting normal heat-killed pneumococci. During the uptake of opsonized, heat-killed pneumococci the macrophages showed an unaltered NBT-dye reduction and less adherence to a polyethylene surface as compared with macrophages incubated with normal heat-killed pneumococci. This implies that using opsonized pneumococci the quantitative NBT-dye reduction assay is not reliable as a parameter for macrophage phagocytosis, because the uptake was in fact enhanced. The surface adherence of the macrophages did not reflect the enhanced ingestion of opsonized bacteria either. 相似文献
3.
Elske T. Massolt Grigoris Effraimidis Tim I. M. Korevaar Wilmar M. Wiersinga W. Edward Visser Robin P. Peeters Hemmo A. Drexhage 《PloS one》2016,11(4)
BackgroundSubjects at risk for major mood disorders have a higher risk to develop autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and vice-versa, implying a shared pathogenesis. In mood disorder patients, an abnormal profile of hematopoietic/neuronal growth factors is observed, suggesting that growth/differentiation abnormalities of these cell lineages may predispose to mood disorders. The first objective of our study was to investigate whether an aberrant profile of these hematopoietic/neuronal growth factors is also detectable in subjects at risk for AITD. A second objective was to study the inter relationship of these factors with previously determined and published growth factors/cytokines in the same subjects.MethodsWe studied 64 TPO-Ab-negative females with at least 1 first- or second-degree relative with AITD, 32 of whom did and 32 who did not seroconvert to TPO-Ab positivity in 5-year follow-up. Subjects were compared with 32 healthy controls (HCs). We measured serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Stem Cell Factor (SCF), Insulin-like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 2 (IGFBP-2), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and IL-7 at baseline.ResultsBDNF was significantly lower (8.2 vs 18.9 ng/ml, P<0.001), while EGF (506.9 vs 307.6 pg/ml, P = 0.003) and IGFBP-2 (388.3 vs 188.5 ng/ml, P = 0.028) were significantly higher in relatives than in HCs. Relatives who seroconverted in the next 5 years had significantly higher levels of SCF than non-seroconverters (26.5 vs 16.7 pg/ml, P = 0.017). In a cluster analysis with the previously published growth factors/cytokines SCF clustered together with IL-1β, IL-6 and CCL-3, of which high levels also preceded seroconversion.ConclusionRelatives of AITD patients show aberrant serum levels of 4 hematopoietic/neuronal growth factors similar to the aberrancies found in mood disorder patients, suggesting that shared growth and differentiation defects in both the hematopoietic and neuronal system may underlie thyroid autoimmunity and mood disorders. A distinct pattern of four inter correlating immune factors in the relatives preceded TPO-Ab seroconversion in the next 5 years. 相似文献
4.
Remko?de Knikker Youjun?Guo Jin-long?Li Albert?KH?Kwan Kevin?Y?Yip David?W?Cheung Kei-Hoi?CheungEmail author 《BMC bioinformatics》2004,5(1):25
Background
Very often genome-wide data analysis requires the interoperation of multiple databases and analytic tools. A large number of genome databases and bioinformatics applications are available through the web, but it is difficult to automate interoperation because: 1) the platforms on which the applications run are heterogeneous, 2) their web interface is not machine-friendly, 3) they use a non-standard format for data input and output, 4) they do not exploit standards to define application interface and message exchange, and 5) existing protocols for remote messaging are often not firewall-friendly. To overcome these issues, web services have emerged as a standard XML-based model for message exchange between heterogeneous applications. Web services engines have been developed to manage the configuration and execution of a web services workflow. 相似文献5.
Introduction
The vast difference in the abundance of different proteins in biological samples limits the determination of the complete proteome of a cell type, requiring fractionation of proteins and peptides before MS analysis. 相似文献6.
7.
Wildenberg ME van Helden-Meeuwsen CG Drexhage HA Versnel MA 《Arthritis research & therapy》2008,10(3):R69-7
Introduction
In the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of Sjögren's syndrome, lymphocytic infiltration is preceded by an accumulation of dendritic cells in the submandibular glands (SMGs). NOD mice also exhibit an increased frequency of mature, fractalkine receptor (CX3C chemokine receptor [CX3CR]1) expressing monocytes, which are considered to be precursors for tissue dendritic cells. To unravel further the role played by fractalkine-CX3CR1 interactions in the salivary gland inflammation, we studied the expression of fractalkine in NOD SMGs.Methods
We studied protein expression using Western blot analysis of whole tissue lysates. Protease activity was measured in salivary gland tissue lysates using fluorimetric substrates. Digestive capacity of enzymes was determined by in vitro incubation of recombinant enzyme and fractalkine, followed by protein staining and Western blot.Results
Fractalkine was detected in salivary glands of both NOD and control mice at all ages. Western blot analysis showed fractalkine cleavage with increasing age, which was more pronounced in NOD mice. This cleavage resulted in a decrease in the 31 kDa form of the protein, and the generation of an approximately 19 kDa band. Furthermore, in NOD animals older than 15 weeks, we noted the presence of a unique approximately 17 kDa fragment. This cleavage was organ specific, because it did not occur in brain or pancreas. Increased gelatinase and α-secretase activity were detected in NOD SMG and contributed to cleavage of the 31 kDa protein. Because aberrant cleavage products may induce autoimmunity, we studied the presence of autoantibodies against fractalkine. Indeed, NOD mice exhibited significantly more antibodies against fractalkine than did control animals.Conclusion
These data indicate that aberrant proteolytic activity in the NOD SMG results in increased fractalkine cleavage and generation of a unique fractalkine fragment. This specific cleavage may contribute to autoimmunity. 相似文献8.
9.
Lucy Baldeón R. Karin Weigelt Harm de Wit Behiye Ozcan Adri van Oudenaren Fernando Sempértegui Eric Sijbrands Laura Grosse Wilma Freire Hemmo A. Drexhage Pieter J. M. Leenen 《PloS one》2014,9(12)
Background
There is increasing evidence that chronic inflammation is an important determinant in insulin resistance and in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). MicroRNAs constitute a newly discovered system of cell regulation and in particular two microRNAs (miR-146a and miR-155) have been described as regulators and biomarkers of inflammation.Aim
To determine a putative association between the levels of miR-146a and miR-155 in serum of T2D patients, clinical parameters and serological indicators of inflammation.Methods
We performed quantitative Real Time PCR (qPCR) of microRNAs from serum (56 Ecuadorian T2D ambulatory patients and 40 non-diabetic controls). In addition, we evaluated T2D-related serum cytokines.chemokines and growth factors using a commercially available multi-analyte cytometric bead array system. We correlated outcomes to clinical parameters, including BMI, HbA1c and lipid state.Results
The Ecuadorian non-diabetic controls appeared as overweight (BMI>25: patients 85%, controls 82.5%) and as dyslipidemic (hypercholesterolemia: patients 60.7%, controls 67.5%) as the patients.- The serum levels of miR-146a were significantly reduced in T2D patients as compared to these non-diabetic, but obese/dyslipidemic control group (mean patients 0.61, mean controls set at 1; p = 0.042), those of miR-155 were normal.
- The serum levels of both microRNAs correlated to each other (r = 0.478; p<0.001) and to leptin levels. The microRNAs did not correlate to BMI, glycemia and dyslipidemia.
- From the tested cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, we found IL-8 and HGF significantly raised in T2D patients versus non-diabetic controls (p = 0.011 and 0.023 respectively).
Conclusions
This study shows decreased serum anti-inflammatory miR-146a, increased pro-inflammatory IL-8 and increased HGF (a vascular/insular repair factor) as discriminating markers of failure of glucose control occurring on the background of obesity and dyslipidemia. 相似文献10.
Changes in gibberellin-like activity and content of indole type auxins were investigated during grain development of the two high-lysine barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes Sv 73608 and Risø 1508, and their corresponding normal cultivars Mona and Bomi. A peak in gibberellin-like activity was found in developing grains of the normal cultivars about 18 days after anthesis, whereas the grains of the high-lysine genotypes showed a two to five times higher maximum about 3–4 days later. The auxin content of the cultivar Bomi showed a maximum between the 22nd and the 29th day after anthesis, whereas, throughout their development the grains of the mutant Risø 1508 exhibited only about 1/10 of the maximum level of auxin found in the grains of Bomi. The normal cultivar Mona also displayed higher contents of auxin than the high-lysine genotypes Sv 73608, particularly at the later stages of grain growth, but the differences in concentration were considerable smaller than for the pair ‘Bomi’—‘Risø 1508’. It is suggested that auxins play an important role in the development of barley grains. 相似文献