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1.
Management of the Wadden Sea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Wadden Sea situated along the North Sea coasts of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany and The Netherlands represents
one of the world's largest bar-built type of estuaries. The area is a typical sedimentation and mineralization basin, with
a large influx of organic matter from the adjoining North Sea, consequently a delicate oxygen balance and a rich benthic macrofauna,
poor in species, which serves as food for juveniles of some commercially important North Sea fishes and for large numbers
of migrating and wintering waders and waterfowl. Past and present activities of the human society in the area include fisheries
(mainly for shrimp and mussels, semi-culture), shipping, land reclamation, recreation, dredging for sand and shells, and waste
discharge from industries and human communities. Until the present these activities, although sometimes conflicting, did not
fundamentally affect the area and its biota (pollution excluded), but future claims, including the construction of large deep-sea
harbours, drilling for natural gas and oil, large-scale land reclamation and increased industrialization etc., might gradually
induce degradation. For instance, area reduction by continued land reclamation could lead to irreversible losses of specific
biotopes (e. g. salt-marshes, mud-flats), which could affect the size of bird and fish populations in a much wider region.
Increased pollution, which has already inflicted damage on bird and seal populations, could reduce the fauna and hence the
value of the area as a natural sanctuary. In the event of a proposal for a new human activity in the area, the present standing
practice in the countries concerned requires an evaluation of its safety and economic aspects and its environmental impact.
However, the various plans are considered separately and there is a general need for integrated management of the area. 相似文献
2.
Virology, genetics and immunology of murine lymphomagenesis 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
3.
Major histocompatibility complex class II-regulated immunity to murine leukemia virus protects against early T- but not late B-cell lymphomas 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
W L Vasmel M Zijlstra T Radaszkiewicz C J Leupers R E de Goede C J Melief 《Journal of virology》1988,62(9):3156-3166
We studied the relative importance of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) immunoregulation in the control of T- and B-cell lymphomas induced by murine leukemia virus. Previously, we have described a mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) murine leukemia virus, MCF 1233, which induces not only lymphoblastic T-cell lymphomas but also follicle center cell or lymphoblastic B-cell lymphomas. We now report that the outcome of neonatal infection with MCF 1233 in H-2-congenic C57BL/10 and C57BL/6 mice is decisively influenced by the H-2 I-A locus. A total of 64% of H-2 I-Ak, d mice [B10.BR, B10.D2, B10.A(2R), B10.A(4R), and B10.MBR] developed T-cell lymphomas after MCF 1233 infection (mean latency, 37 weeks). In contrast, H-2 I-Ab [B10, B10.A(5R), B6], H-2 I-Ab/k [(B10.A x B10)F1 and (B10 x B10.A)F1], and H-2 I-Abm12 (bm12) mice were resistant against T-cell lymphomagenesis, but 65% of these H-2 I-Ab, b/k, bm12 animals developed B-cell lymphomas (mean latency, 71 weeks). Animals of T-cell lymphoma-susceptible strains that escaped from T-cell lymphomagenesis developed B-cell lymphomas with similar frequency as animals of T-cell lymphoma-resistant strains, but with a shorter latency. H-2 class II-determined regulation of antiviral immunity was reflected in the presence of high titers of antiviral envelope antibodies in T-cell lymphoma-resistant B-cell lymphoma-susceptible H-2 I-Ab, b/k, bm12 mice, whereas in T-cell lymphoma-susceptible H-2 I-Ak,d mice no antiviral antibodies were found. At week 4 after neonatal MCF 1233 infection, a high percentage of thymocytes were virally infected in both T-cell lymphoma-susceptible and -resistant mice. However, T-cell lymphoma-resistant animals cleared the thymic infection between weeks 4 and 10 of age, coinciding with a sharp rise in serum levels of antiviral antibodies. We conclude that the pleiotropic effects of MCF 1233 infection in H-2-congenic mice result from MHC class II I-A-determined T-cell response differences. 相似文献
4.
To study aspects of the ecology of grassland species, in a comparative experiment, plants ofP. lanceolata andP. major were grown in pots in a greenhouse, and subjected to a gradual nitrate depletion for several weeks. Control plants were weekly
supplied with nitrate. Growth, leaf appearance and disappearance, concentrations of cations and inorganic anions, soluble
and insoluble reduced nitrogen concentrations,in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates in several parts of the plants were
followed. Depletion of nitrate caused a reduction of shoot growth, both in biomass and number of leaves. Withering of leaves
increased. Accumulation of root dry matter was little (P. lanceolata), or not (P. major) affected. The concentration of reduced nitrogen in all tissues also decreased, both that of the soluble and that of the
insoluble fraction. As a result, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, g dry matter produced per mmol N incorporated) increased by
nitrate depletion. NRA was higher in the roots than in the leaves, and decreased with increasing nitrate depletion.
In control plants, nitrate became also limiting. This resulted in decreasing nitrate concentrations in leaves and roots. In
the leaves, the decrease in nitrate concentration was preceded by a decrease in NRA. The decrease of the nitrate concentration
was parallelled by an increase in the concentration of soluble sugar.
No major differences in the response towards nitrate depletion were observed between the two species.
Grassland Species Research Group, publication no. 129 相似文献
5.
The dendrite geometry of neck motoneurons located in the upper cervical cord and lower brainstem of the mallard was studied in Golgi silver impregnated material. Measurements were obtained from camera lucida drawings and concerned the extent and orientation of dendritic trees. Dendrites were found to be oriented predominantly parallel to the sagittal plane, and projections were asymmetric in the dorso-ventral direction. Comparison between motoneurons located in the supraspinal nucleus of the brainstem and motoneurons in the ventral horn of the upper spinal cord showed that dendrites of motoneurons in the first cell group branch more often than those of neurons in the latter group. In addition, dendritic trees of ventral horn motoneurons preferentially project into the field dorsal to the cell body. 相似文献
6.
W J Kort A M Bijma J J van Dam A C van der Ham J M Hekking H F van der Ingh W S Meijer M G van Wilgenburg F J Zijlstra 《Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids》1992,45(4):319-327
In 19 patients with a malignant breast tumor, tumor tissue and blood were taken to determine the eicosanoid profile and platelet aggregation. Values were compared with those of patients with benign tumors (n = 4), or undergoing a mammary reduction (n = 7). Postoperatively, blood was taken as well in order to compare pre- and postoperative values. Eicosanoids were measured in peripheral blood monocytes and mammary tissue by means of HPLC; furthermore, TXA2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and PGE2 were determined by RIA. Differences in pre- and postoperative values of cancer patients were seen in plasma RIA values: PGE2 and 6-k-PGF1 alpha were significantly higher preoperatively when compared with postoperatively, however, such differences were seen in the control groups as well. Compared to benign tumor or mammary reduction test material the eicosanoid profile of tissue obtained from malignant mammary tumors showed important differences. Except for PGF2 alpha, HHT and 15-HETE no detectable quantities of eicosanoids were found in the non-tumor material, whereas in the malignant tumor material substantial quantities of a number of eicosanoid metabolites were present. Statistically significant correlations could be established between patient/histopathology data and the results of the platelet aggregation assays, e.g. between menopausal status and ADP aggregation; oestrogen receptor (+/-) and collagen and arachidonic acid aggregation, inflammatory cell infiltration score and arachidonic acid aggregation and fibrosis score and ADP aggregation. The results show that eicosanoid synthesis in material from mammary cancer patients is different from that in benign mammary tissue. The implications, in particular, in relation to future prognosis of the patient, remain obscure. 相似文献
7.
Post MJ Biesebeek JD Wemer J Rooij HH Zijlstra FJ Porsius AJ 《Mediators of inflammation》1992,1(4):255-261
In this study the question was addressed whether cAMP mediated drugs induce a differential reduction of branches of the arachidonic acid metabolism rather than a global reduction of eicosanoid synthesis. The isolated lungs of actively sensitized rats were employed to study prostaglandin and leukotriene release in the presence and absence of the cAMP mediated drugs theophylline, milrinone, sulmazole, isobutyl-methylxanthine and salbutamol. The release of eicosanoids as measured by RIA was predominantly basal and continuous, with a mild antigen induced stimulation only for TXB(2) and the leukotrienes. All drugs reduced eicosanoid release globally. It is concluded that cAMP mediated drugs interfere with arachidonic acid metabolism at a site proximal to the branching into lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways. 相似文献
8.
The effect of adrenalectomy on the formation of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products by activated peritoneal rat macrophages was determined. After isolation, the cells were incubated with [1-14C]arachidonic acid and the calcium ionophore A23187 and the metabolites isolated by HPLC chromatography. The main components formed in the controls are 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, thromboxane B2 and 12-HETE. One peak represents 5,12-di-HETE. Smaller amounts of prostaglandin F2 alpha, prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin D2, leukotriene B4 and 15-HETE are also present. After adrenalectomy, a considerable increase occurs in the amounts of leukotriene B4, 15-HETE and 12-HETE. The increase in the prostaglandins is smaller. The compounds formed from endogenous arachidonic acid are also determined. In the cells of the controls, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and thromboxane B2 are produced in higher amounts than leukotriene B4. After adrenalectomy, the formation of leukotriene B4 is much more increased than that of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha. These effects are most probably related to a diminished amount or inactivation of lipocortin, a glucocorticosteroid-induced peptide with phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity in adrenalectomized animals. 相似文献
9.
J.E. Vincent F.J. Zijlstra A.M.W.C. v.c. Broek T.E. Gezel 《Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators》1986,32(1)
The effect of adrenalectomy on the formation of cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase products by activated peritoneal rat macrophages was determined and compared with that of the spleen. After isolation, the cells and tissues were incubated with [1-14C] arachidonic acid and the Ca-ionophore A23187 and the metabolites isolated by HPLC chromatography. The main components formed in the macrophages of the controls are 6-keto-PGF1α, TxB2 and 12-HETE. One peak represents 5, 12 di HETE. Smaller amounts of PGF2α, PGE2, PGD2, LTB4 and 15-HETE are also present. After adrenalectomy, a considerable increase occurs in the amounts of LTB4, 15-HETE and 12-HETE. The increase in the PG is smaller. The compounds formed from endogenous arachidonic acid are also determined. In the cells of the controls, the formation of LTB4 is considerably increased after adrenalectomy. In the spleen, PGD2 and 12-HETE are decreased after adrenalectomy.The effect of the macrophages is most probably related to a diminished amount or inactivation of lipocortin, a glucocorticosteroid induced peptide with PlA2 inhibitory activity in adrenalectomized animals. In the decrease in formation in the spleen, the absence of the permissive effect of glucocorticosteroids on the hormone-induced lipolysis may play a role. 相似文献
10.
The applicability of microsomal preparations from Drosophilamelanogaster as the metabolic factor in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay with strains TA98 and TA100 was evaluated. Isolated cellular fractions (S27) from PB-pretreated flies activated N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene (2-AAF), N-hydroxy-N-aceyl-2-aminofluorene (N-OH-AAF), benzo[a]pyrene (BP), 9,10-dimethylanthracene (DA) and 2 -naphythylamine (NA)_into mutagenic metabolites, 7,-12-Dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA) was ineffective under the conditions of the test.This study was performed in an effort to determine optimal conditions for activating, by Drosophila enzymes, aromatic amines and polycyclic hydrocarbons, with 2-AAF and BP as model mutagens. The following alterations improved the sensitivity of this combined Salmonella/Drosophila assay. (1) Incubation of the plates at 25°C for 1 night instead of permanent exposure at 37°C. (2) Isolation of S27 fractions instead of the conventional S9, because 9000 × g was not sufficient tio spin down Drosphila mitochondria. 相似文献