Epicardial application of bradykinin elicits pressor effects and tachycardia in guinea pigs. Possible mechanisms

Topical application of bradykinin (BK) to the surface of the left ventricle (epicardial application) of anesthetized guinea pigs elicited dose-dependent pressor effects and tachycardia. The pressor effect of epicardial BK was reduced by prior systemic treatment of animals with pentolinium or a combination of phentolamine and propranolol, but it was not affected by acute bilateral vagotomy or systemic administration of atropine, indomethacin, naloxone or a combination of mepyramine and cimetidine. The tachycardia caused by epicardial BK was not affected by any of the aforementioned drugs or by section of the vagi. Both the pressor effect and tachycardia evoked by epicardial BK were abolished by prior epicardial application of lidocaine, a local anesthetic, or by chronic systemic capsaicin treatment. These results suggest that the pressor effect of epicardial BK is partially reflex in nature and likely to result from the stimulation by BK of cardiac sympathetic, capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents, whereas the tachycardia caused by epicardial BK could be mediated by an intracardiac release of (a) cardioaccelerating substance(s) from cardiac, capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve fibers and/or terminals.     

Participation of capsaicin-sensitive neurons in the cardiovascular effects of neurotensin in guinea pigs

Intravenous (IV) infusions of neurotensin (NT) in anesthetized guinea pigs elicited dose-dependent pressor effects and tachycardia. Both effects were significantly reduced or abolished in guinea pigs given a chronic treatment with the neurotoxin capsaicin. In guinea pig isolated atria NT evoked a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect. Both effects were completely abolished in atria derived from capsaicin-treated guinea pigs. The positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of NT in guinea pig atria were mimicked by capsaicin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). These results were interpreted as an indication that NT produces its cardiovascular effects in guinea pigs by activating capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons.     

Iron requirement of Rhizobium leguminosarum and secretion of anthranilic acid during growth on an iron-deficient medium

Rhizobium leguminosarum GF160 required iron for growth under aerobic conditions in a chemically defined medium. Maximal growth of bacteria previously depleted in iron was obtained with approximately 50 microM unchelated ferric iron and with glucose as the only carbon source. Growth under iron deficiency did not result in the production of detectable levels of siderophores of either the catechol or hydroxamate types. Growing cells released a Fe3+-reducing agent that was identified as anthranilic acid by paper and thin-layer chromatography, ultraviolet and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The amount of anthranilic acid secreted per unit of cell growth was inversely related to the iron concentration in the culture medium and reached concentrations up to 1 mM. Ferric but not ferrous ions were solubilized in the growth medium by anthranilic acid.     

Characterization of the histamine releasing effect of neurotensin in the rat heart

Bolus injections of neurotensin (NT) in the rat perfused heart elicited a transient, dose-dependent histamine release. The histamine releasing effect of NT appears to be independent of the heart rate and coronary perfusion pressure and it was not influenced by atropine, propanolol, prazosin, methysergide, ketanserin, indomethacin, morphine, lidocaine or by removal of the atria. However, it was potentiated by adenosine, inhibited by sub-stimulatory concentrations of NT and the mast cell membrane stabilizing drug cromoglycate but was unaltered by the calcium antagonist verapamil. The absence of calcium in the heart perfusate suppressed the histamine releasing effect of NT. These results suggest that the histamine releasing effect of NT in the rat heart results from a direct effect on ventricular mast cells and is calcium-dependent.     

Colorimetric determination of catechol siderophores in microbial cultures

A highly sensitive spectrophotometric method for the selective detection of catechol compounds such as catechol siderophores (e.g., enterobactin) is described. The basis of the method involves the ability of the vicinal aromatic hydroxyl groups under acidic conditions to bring about a reduction of Fe3+ (from ferric ammonium citrate) to Fe2+. Detection of Fe2+ in the presence of Fe3+ is made with 1,10-phenanthroline under previously established conditions. The assay mixture is heated at 60 degrees C for 1 h to accelerate the development of color which is subsequently measured at 510 nm. The Beer-Lambert law is obeyed over the range of 0.16 to 60 microM 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Compared to the Arnow nitration method, the assay is more responsive, is approximately seven times more sensitive, and is effective with catechols substituted at positions 3 and 4. The method gives positive results with catechols such as DL-DOPA, L-dopamine, (+/-)-epinephrine, and DL-norepinephrine. Very rapid color development is obtained with ascorbic acid and p-diols, while m-diols are poorly detected. Low degrees of reactivity are shown by hydroxylamino and hydroxamate compounds. Phenolic, sulfydryl, indolyl, and quinonyl derivatives do not interfere with the reaction. The method has been adapted to determine catechol compounds in the culture medium of bacterial cells grown at different iron concentrations.     

Two outer membrane transport systems for vitamin B12 in Salmonella typhimurium.

The involvement of an outer membrane transport component for vitamin B12 uptake in Salmonella typhimurium, analogous to the btuB product in Escherichia coli, was investigated. Mutants of S. typhimurium selected for resistance to bacteriophage BF23 carried mutations at the btuB locus (butBS) (formerly called bfe, at the analogous map position as the E. coli homolog) and were defective in high-affinity vitamin B12 uptake. The cloned E. coli btuB gene (btuBE) hybridized to S. typhimurium genomic DNA and restored vitamin B12 transport activity to S. typhimurium btuBS mutants. An Mr-60,000 protein in the S. typhimurium outer membrane was repressed by growth with vitamin B12 and was eliminated in a btuBS mutant. The btuBS product thus appears to play the same role in vitamin B12 transport by S. typhimurium as does the E. coli btuBE product. A second vitamin B12 transport system that is not present in E. coli was found by cloning a fragment of S. typhimurium DNA that complemented btuB mutants for vitamin B12 utilization. In addition to this plasmid with a 6-kilobase insert of S. typhimurium DNA, vitamin B12 utilization by E. coli btuB strains required the btuC and btuD products, necessary for transport across the cytoplasmic membrane, but not the btuE or tonB product. The plasmid conferred low levels of vitamin B12-binding and energy-dependent transport activity but not susceptibility to phage BF23 or utilization of dicyanocobinamide. The cloned S. typhimurium DNA encoding this new transport system did not hybridize to the btuBE gene or to E. coli chromosomal DNA and therefore does not carry the S. typhimurium btuBS locus. Increased production of an Mr -84,000 polypeptide associated with the outer membrane was seen. The new locus appears to be carried on the large plasmid in most S. typhimurium strains. Thus S. typhimurium possesses both high- and low-affinity systems for uptake of cobalamins across the outer membrane.     

Effects of arachidonic acid and indomethacin on the in vitro release of prostaglandins by aortic strips of spontaneously hypertensive rats

Aortic strips removed from spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and preincubated with arachidonic acid (1.0 X 10(-5) g/ml) for 15 min produced two times more prostaglandin (PG) like material than aortae unexposed to the precursor of PG biosynthesis. The stimulating effect of arachidonic acid was largely inhibited by indomethacin (1.0 X 10(-5) g/ml). Also, the release of PG-like material by aortic strips derived from SH rats treated with an intravenous injection of indomethacin (10 mg/kg) was inhibited by 74% compared with the control tissues. These results raised the possibility that the in vivo conversion of arachidonic acid by large arteries of SH rats may contribute to the hypotensive effect of this PG precursor in SH rats.     

Immunohistochemistry in the evaluation of neovascularization in tumor xenografts

Angiogenesis, or neovascularization, is known to play an important role in the neoplastic progression leading to metastasis. CD31 or Factor VIII-related antigen (F VIII RAg) immunohistochemistry is widely used in experimental studies for quantifying tumor neovascularization in immunocompromised animal models implanted with transformed human cell lines. Quantification, however, can be affected by variations in the methodology used to measure vascularization including antibody selection, antigen retrieval (AR) pretreatment, and evaluation techniques. To examine this further, we investigated the microvessel density (MVD) and the intensity of microvascular staining among five different human tumor xenografts and a mouse syngeneic tumor using anti-CD31 and F VIII RAg immunohistochemical staining. Different AR methods also were evaluated. Maximal retrieval of CD31 was achieved using 0.5 M Tris (pH 10) buffer, while maximum retrieval of F VIII RAg was achieved using 0.05% pepsin treatment of tissue sections. For each optimized retrieval condition, anti-CD31 highlighted small vessels better than F VIII RAg. Furthermore, the MVD of CD31 was significantly greater than that of F VIII RAg decorated vessels (p<0.001). The choice of antibody and AR method has a significant affect on immunohistochemical findings when studying angiogenesis. One also must use caution when comparing studies in the literature that use different techniques and reagents.