Nutritional ecology and diachronic trends in Paleolithic diet and health

Modern nutritional studies have found that diverse diets are linked to lower infant mortality rates and longer life expectancies in humans. This is primarily because humans require more than fifty essential nutrients for growth and cell maintenance and repair; most of these essential nutrients must come from outside food sources rather than being manufactured by the body itself; and a diversity of food types is required to consume the full suite of essential nutrients necessary for optimal human health. These principles and their related affects on human adaptations and demography are the hallmarks of a theoretical paradigm defined as nutritional ecology. This essay applies concepts derived from nutritional ecology to the study of human evolution. Principles of nutritional ecology are applied to the study of the Middle‐to‐Upper Paleolithic transition in order to broadly illustrate the interpretive ramifications of this approach. At any stage in human evolution, those hominid populations that chose to diversify their subsistence base may have had a selective advantage over competitors who restricted their diet principally to one food type, such as terrestrial mammals.     

Expression of tracheal differentiated functions in serum-free hormone-supplemented medium

Most dissociated airway epithelial cells in culture express few of their in vivo functions and only to a limited degree. In this report, we demonstrate that hamster tracheal epithelial (HTE) cells cultured on a collagen gel substratum in a serum-free hormone-supplemented medium differentiate to cilia-beating and mucus-secreting cell types. The medium is Ham's F-12 supplemented with insulin, epidermal growth factor, transferrin, hydrocortisone, cholera toxin, bovine hypothalamus extract, and vitamin A. Under these culture conditions, HTE cells exhibit a growth rate of 24 h/population doubling and reach confluency, at a density of 2-5 X 10(4) cells/cm2, within 2 weeks. Both the collagen gel substratum and vitamin A of this culture system are important to the growth and differentiation of HTE cells in vitro. Evidence of HTE cell differentiation has been obtained at both the ultrastructural and the histochemical levels. In addition, a variety of biochemical studies (gel filtration, ion exchange column chromatography, enzyme digestion, nitrous acid treatment, and composition analysis) indicate the production of mucin-like glycoprotein in the HTE cultures. The levels of mucin-like glycoprotein were found to closely correlate with the histochemically quantitated levels of the mucous cell type. Kinetic studies demonstrate that HTE cells rapidly lose their differentiated features during the attachment stage of primary culture but redifferentiation occurs after the cultures reach confluency. The ability of HTE cells to grow and differentiate in this serum-free culture system in the absence of other cell types should greatly facilitate the study of mucociliary functions in vitro.     

Soil management legacy alters weed-crop competition through biotic and abiotic pathways

Plant and Soil - Agricultural practices often have persistent effects on soil physicochemical properties and soil biota, which can feedback to influence plant performance. We investigated...     

Local grassland restoration affects insect communities

1. It is hypothesised that ecological restoration in grasslands can induce an alternative stable state shift in vegetation. The change in vegetation influences insect community assemblages and allows for greater functional redundancy in pollination and refuge for native insect species. 2. Insect community assemblages at eight coastal California grassland sites were evaluated. Half of these sites had undergone restoration through active revegetation of native grassland flora and half were non‐restored. Insects were collected from Lupinus bicolor (Fabaceae) within 2 × 2‐m² plots in spring 2017. Lupinus bicolor is a common native species that is used in California restoration projects, and home and state landscaping projects. 3. Ordination demonstrated that insect community assemblages were different between restored and non‐restored sites. These differences were seen in insect functional groups as well as taxa‐specific differences and were found to be driven by environmental characteristics such as non‐native forb cover. 4. Functional redundancy of herbivores decreased at restored sites, while pollinators became more redundant compared with non‐restored sites. The assemblages of the common species found at restoration sites contained more native insects than those found at non‐restored sites, including species such as Bombus vosnesenskii. 5. Local grassland restoration has the potential to induce an alternative stable state change and affect insect community assemblages. Additionally, it was found that grassland restoration can be a potential conservation tool to provide refugia for bumblebees (Bombus), but additional studies are required to fully understand its broader applicability.     

Immunofluorescent staining of human metaphase chromosomes with monoclonal antibody to histone H2B

A mouse monoclonal IgM antibody against the core histone H2B has been shown, by indirect immunofluorescence, to stain metaphase chromosomes from a variety of cultured cell types. Experiments carried out with human HeLa cells showed that the intensity of staining varied along the length of chromosome arms giving in some cases a rudimentary banded staining pattern. Considerable variation in staining intensity was noted between individual chromosomes and between different metaphase spreads. It was noted that chromosomes having a more swollen appearance stained more intensely than those with a more compact structure, which were often unstained. Preincubation of unfixed metaphase chromosomes in buffered salt solutions virtually eliminated the cell to cell and chromosome to chromosome variation in staining, even when no visible effect on chromosome morphology was caused by such treatment. It is concluded that the determinant recognised by antibody HBC-7 is ubiquitous but is inaccessible in some chromosomes or chromosome regions. Digestion of purified chromatin (primarily interphase) with DNAase 1 or micrococcal nuclease resulted in a several-fold increase in the binding of antibody HBC-7 measured by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. This increase was abolished by subsequent treatment with trypsin, which suggests that the antigenic determinant recognised by antibody HBC-7 lies in the trypsin-sensitive N-terminal region of nucleosomal H2B. As the cationic N-terminal regions of the core histones are involved in DNA binding, it is likely that the accessibility of the determinant recognised by antibody HBC-7 is influenced by the relationship between the core histones and their associated DNA.