Adaptation of exotic Azolla to tropical environment of Thailand

There are seven known species of Azolla, two of which have been used in cultivated systems, the tropical speciesA. pinnata, and the temperate speciesA. filiculoides. OnlyA. pinnata is indigenous in Thailand. In this study the two exotic species,A. caroliniana andA. microphylla, were evaluated under the various tropical field conditions in Thailand. When compared with seven selected strains ofA. pinnata under three field conditions,A. caroliniana andA. microphylla were similar to the indigenous species, in terms of growth performance, N₂ fixation, and yield. This study suggests thatA. caroliniana andA. microphylla can be successfully cultivated as a nitrogen fixing green manure for rice production in the tropics.     

Nitrogen fixation (15N dilution) with soybeans under Thai field conditions

Controlled environment and field studies were conducted to determine relationships between various measurements of N₂ fixation using soybeans and to use these measures to evaluate a number ofBradyrhizobium japonicum strains for effectiveness in N₂ fixation in Thai soils.¹⁵N dilution measurements of N₂ fixation showed levels of fixation ranging from 32 to 161 kg N ha⁻¹ depending on bacterial strain, host cultivar and location. Midseason measures of N₂ fixation were correlated with each other, but not related measures taken at maturity. Ranking ofB. japonicum strains based on performance under controlled conditions in N-free media were highly correlated with rankings based on soybean seed yields and N₂ fixation under field conditions. This study showed that inoculation of soybeans with effectiveB. japonicum strains can result in significant increases in yield and uptake of N through fixation. The most effective strains tested for use in Thai conditions were those isolated from Thai soils; however, effective strains from other locations were also of benefit.     

Effects of post-emergence inoculation on field grown soybeans

Summary Inoculation of soybean seed with rhizobia has traditionally been performed by applying the inoculum to seed immediately before planting. In some conditions, however, the application of rhizobia to seed may fail to give satisfactory nodulation. The hypothesis that such failure of seed inocuation might be remedied by inoculating field grown soybeans after planting (post-emergence inoculation) was tested at three locations which were free from native soybean rhizobia. Post-emergence inoculation treatments comprised inoculation at five, 10, 15 and 20 days after planting. The inoculation technique consisted of suspending peat-based inoculant at the recommended rate in water, and pouring this suspension over the planted rows. Satisfactory nodulation and plant growth were obtained following inoculation at five, 10 and 15 days after planting in the two areas where surface soil moisture was adequate. In another area where the soil surface was relatively dry at the time of inoculum application, nodulation was greatly reduced. Nodules formed following post-emergence inoculation were located mainly on lateral roots near the soil surface. Inoculation at 20 days after planting was, however, unsuccessful. With good rainfall seed yield obtained from seed-inoculated plants was not significantly different from those that were obtained from plants inoculated five or 10 days after planting. It seems, therefore, that failures of seed inoculation can be corrected by post-emergence inoculation within two weeks of planting, provided that surface soil moisture is adequate.

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Efectos de la inoculación post-emergencia de plantas de soja en campo

Resumen La inoculación de plantas de soja conRhizobium se ha venido realizado tradicionalmente mediante la inoculación directa de la semilla antes de la siembra. Este método puede, sin embargo, producir, a veces, una nodulación defectuosa. Se ha postulado que este fallow en la inoculación podría resolverse mediante la inoculación en el campo de las plantas de soja. A fin de comprobar la viabilidad de esta inoculación post-emergencia se realizaron ensayos en tres localidades libres deRhizobium nativo inoculando las plantas a los cinco, 10, 15 y 20 días despúes de la siembra. La técnica de inoculación utilizada consistió en suspender en agua la proporción adecuada de inóculo que se presentaba incorporado en turba. Dicha suspensión se utilizaba para regar les hileras de plantas a inocular. La nodulación y el crecimiento de las plantas fueron satisfactorios en los ensayos efectuados cinco, 10 y 15 dias despúes de la siembra en dos areas donde la humedad del suelo fue la adecuada; en la otra localidad la superficie del suelo estaba relativamente seca cuando se aplicó el inóculo y la nodulación se vió en este caso muy reducida. Los nódulos formados como consecuencia de esta inoculación post-emergencia se encontraron preferentemente en las raíces laterales cerca de la superficie del suelo. Las inoculaciones efectuadas dos días después de la siembra no dieron resultado en ningún caso. La cosecha obtenida de las plantas inoculadas directamente en semilla no fue significativamente distinta de la obtenida de las que fueron inoculadas en el campo cinco ó 10 días después de la siembra. Podemos pues concluir que les errores en la inoculación de semillas pueden corregirse mediante una inoculacion post-emergencia en el campo cinco ó 10 días después de la siembra. Podemos pues concluir que los errores en la humedad del suelo sea la adecuada.

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Les effets de l'inoculation post-émergence aux plantes de soja dans le champ

Résumé L'inoculation du soja par les rhizobiums s'effectue traditionellement en appliquant l'inoculum sur les graines immédiatement avant de les semer. Cependant, dans certaines conditions, cette méthode ne procure pas une nodulation satisfaisante. L'hypothèse qu'on puisse remédier à ces échecs en inoculant le soja dans le champ, après les semailles (inoculation post-émergence) a été téstée dans trois stations dépourvues de rhizobiums natifs. Les inoculations post émergence ont été effectuées cinq, 10, 15 et 20 jours après les semailles. La technique consiste à mettre en suspension aqueuse, dans les proportions recommandées le mélange d'inoculum et de tourbe. Cette suspension est répandue sur les rangées de plants. Une nodulation et une croissance végétale staisfaisantes ont été obtenues avec les inoculations pratiqueées cinq, 10 et 15 jours après les semailles dans deux parcelles où l'humidité du sol était adéquate. Dans une autre parcelle, où la surface était relativement sèche au moment de l'inoculation, la nodulation a été fortement réduite. Les nodules formés après inoculation post-émergence sont principalement situés sur des racines latérales, proches de la surface. L'inoculation pratiquée 20 jours après les semailles est inéfficace. Avec une bonne pluie, le rendement en soja obtenu par inoculation des graines n'est pas significativement différent de celui qu'on obtient avec les plantes inoculées cinq ou 10 jours après les semailles. Il semble, donc, que les échecs de l'inoculation des graines puissent être corrigés par une inoculation qui suivent les semailles, à condition, toutefois, que l'humidité superficielle du sol soit adéquate.

     

Nitrogen fixation (N-15 dilution) with soybeans under Thai field conditions. IV. Effect of N addition and Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation in soils with indigenous B. japonicum populations

The effects of Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation and pre-plant additions of N fertilizer on soybean ( Glycine max L. Merrill) yields and levels of N₂ fixation were studied under field conditions at two sites in Thailand. Bacterial inoculants were composed of B. japonicum strains selected for high N₂ fixation levels in Thai soils. Nitrogen fertilizer addition rates used were from 0 to 250 kg N/ha in 50 kg N/ha increments. At the Chiang Mai site in northern Thailand, bacterial inoculation increased nodule weights on plants receiving 100 kg N/ha or less. Increases in nodule parameters due to inoculation were evident at 45 d after planting (DAP) but disappeared by 60 DAP. Addition of N fertilizers decreased the incidence of nodulation and sap ureide contents and decreased the contribution of N₂ fixation to the N content of plants at maturity as measured by N-15 isotope dilution methods. At the Kampang Saen site in central Thailand, bacterial inoculation had significant positive effects on nodule numbers and weights, ARA, sap ureide contents and levels of N₂ fixed as measured by N-15 isotope dilution methods. Addition of N fertilizers at this site also reduced the effectiveness of N₂-fixing symbioses. It was concluded that small additions of N fertilizer added before planting did not significantly decrease N₂ fixation levels, but did have a significant positive effect on plant growth. Larger N additions would reduce N₂ fixation levels in excess of the benefits of adding more N in chemical form.     

Molecular and phenotypic characterization of potential plant growth-promoting <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas</Emphasis> from rice and maize rhizospheres

In this study, Pseudomonas species were isolated from the rhizospheres of two plant hosts: rice (Oryza sativa cultivar Pathum Thani 1) and maize (Zea mays cultivar DK888). The genotypic diversity of isolates was determined on basis of amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). This analysis showed that both plant varieties selected for two distinct populations of Pseudomonas. The actual biocontrol and plant promotion abilities of these strains was confirmed by bioassays on fungal (Verticillum sp., Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium sp.) and bacterial (Ralstonia solanacearum and Bacillus subtilis) plant pathogens, as well as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production and carbon source utilization. There was a significant difference between isolates from rice and maize rhizosphere in terms of biological control against R.  solanacearum and B.  subtilis. Interestingly, none of the pseudomonads isolated from maize rhizosphere showed antagonistic activity against R.  solanacearum. This study indicated that the percentage of pseudomonad isolates obtained from rice rhizosphere which showed the ability to produce fluorescent pigments was almost threefold higher than pseudomonad isolates obtained from maize rhizosphere. Furthermore, the biocontrol assay results indicated that pseudomonad isolated from rice showed a higher ability to control bacterial and fungal root pathogens than pseudomonad isolates obtained from maize. This work clearly identified a number of isolates with potential for use as plant growth-promoting and biocontrol agents on rice and maize.     

Cassava as a Cheap Source of Carbon for Rhizobial Inoculant Production using an Amylase-producing Fungus and a Glycerol-producing Yeast

Summary The aim of this research was to develop methods to use low-cost carbon compounds for rhizobial inoculant production. Five raw starch materials; steamed cassava, sticky rice, fresh corn, dry corn and sorghum were tested for sugar production by an amylase-producing fungus. Streamed cassava produced the highest amount of reducing sugar after fermentation. Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110, Azorhizobium caulinodans IRBG23, Rhizobium phaseoli TAL1383, Sinorhizobium fredii HH103, and Mesorhizobium ciceri USDA2429 were tested on minimal medium supplemented with reducing sugar obtained from cassava fermentation. All strains, except B. japonicum USDA110, could grow in medium containing cassava sugar derived from 100 g steamed cassava per litre, and the growth rates for these strains were similar to those in medium containing 0.5 (w/v) mannitol. The sugar derived from steamed cassava was further used for production of glycerol using yeast. After 1 day of yeast fermentation, the culture containing glycerol and heat-killed yeast cells, was used to formulate media for culturing bradyrhizobia. A formulation medium, FM4, with a glycerol concentration of 0.6 g/l and yeast cells (OD₆₀₀ = 0.1) supported growth of B. japonicum USDA110 up to 3.61 × 10⁹ c.f.u./ml in 7 days. These results demonstrate that steamed cassava could be used to provide cheap and effective carbon sources for rhizobial inoculant production.     

Effects of using cyanobacteria and fertilizer on growth and yield of rice,Pathum Thani I: a pot experiment

The effects of cyanobacteria and chemical fertilizer on growths and yields of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Pathum Thani 1 were studied in pot trials. Nine treatments were set up without cyanobacteria and fertilizer (control), inoculated with cyanobacteria Nostoc carneum TUBT04 (T1), inoculated with Nostoc commune TUBT05 (T2), and inoculated with combination of N. carneum TUBT04 and N. commune TUBT05 (T3), full dose of recommended use of fertilizer (T4), half dose of recommended use of the fertilizer (T5), half dose of fertilizer combined with N. carneum TUBT04 (T6), half dose of fertilizer combined with N. commune TUBT05 (T7), and half dose of fertilizer combined with N. carneum TUBT04 plus N. commune TUBT05 (T8). Each treatment divides into five replications. Growth parameters including length and fresh and dry weights of shoot and root were measured in the seedlings. The number of spikes per plant and the amount and weight of rice grains per spike were measured after harvesting. The supplement with cyanobacteria promoted rice seedling growth and yield compared to the control treatment. Inoculation with cyanobacteria showed significant increase in root length (p = 0.41). In addition, the combined biofertilizer with a half of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizer significantly enhanced rice production including total number and weight of grain per spike and a total weight of 100 grains (p < 0.001). Therefore, using a half dose of chemical fertilizer with cyanobacteria is suggested to decrease rice production cost of farmers without any effects on rice quantity and quality.     

Biases for detecting arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal mixture by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP)

Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of amplified ribosomal RNA genes is used for profiling microbial communities and sometimes for species richness and relative abundance estimation in environmental samples. However, the T-RFLP fingerprint may be subject to biases during the procedure, influencing the detection of real community structures in the environment. To investigate possible sources of T-RFLP bias, 18S rRNA gene clones derived from two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal sequences were combined in simple pairwise mixes to assess the effects of polymerase chain reaction cycle number, plant genomic DNA purification method and varying template ratio on the template-to-product ratio as measured by relative T-RF peak area. Varying cycle numbers indicated that amplification was still in the exponential phase at the cycle numbers lower than 18, so these small cycle numbers were used for the comparison of template-to-product quantities. Relative abundance estimated from T-RF peak ratios varied with different purification procedures, but the best results, closest to input ratios, were obtained by using phenol–chloroform purification. The presence of an excess of unpurified non-target plant genomic DNA generated a bias towards lower or overestimation of relative abundance. We conclude that a low number of amplification cycles and stringent DNA purification are necessary for accurate mixed sample analysis by T-RFLP.     

A flavonoid, 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone,from Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker as an inhibitor of Ca2+ signal-mediated cell-cycle regulation in yeast

Calcium (Ca²⁺) signal transduction pathways play important roles in the regulation of diverse biological processes in eukaryotes ranging from unicellular (e.g., yeasts) to complex multicellular (e.g., humans) organisms. Small-molecule inhibitors of Ca²⁺-signaling pathways in humans can be of great medical importance, as represented by the immunosuppressants FK506 and cyclosporine A. A high-throughput drug screening assay for inhibitors of Ca²⁺-signaling has been developed on the basis of the ability of test compounds to restore the severe growth defect of a Ca²⁺-sensitive zds1 null-mutant strain YNS17 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a medium containing a high concentration of calcium ions. A previous screening of Thai medicinal plants using this yeast-based assay indicated that the crude extract of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex. Baker contains a potent inhibitory activity. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize the pure compound(s) responsible for this inhibitory activity against Ca²⁺-mediated cell-cycle regulation in yeast. Dichloromethane and methanol extracts of K. parviflora rhizomes were subjected to bioassay-mediated chromatographic fractionation using this yeast [YNS17 (Δzds1) strain]-based assay to screen for and select positive fractions. From the dichloromethane extract, four known flavonoid compounds with significant inhibitory bioactivity were obtained: compounds 1 (5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone), 2 (5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone), 3 (5-hydroxy-3,7,4’-trimethoxyflavone) and 4 (5,7-dimethoxyflavone). The inhibitory activity of all four compounds was dose-dependent. Compound 1 exhibited the highest activity and with no observed cytotoxic activity against the yeast. The Ca²⁺ induced severe growth defect, abnormal budding morphology, and G2 cell-cycle delay of the Δzds1 yeast strain were all alleviated or abrogated by 200 μM compound 1. Therefore, we conclude that 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone possesses a potent inhibitory activity against the Ca²⁺-mediated cell-cycle regulation.