Activation and injury of Clostridium perfringens spores by alcohols

The activation properties of Clostridium perfringens NCTC 8679 spores were demonstrated by increases in CFU after heating in water or aqueous alcohols. The temperature range for maximum activation, which was 70 to 80 degrees C in water, was lowered by the addition of alcohols. The response at a given temperature was dependent on the time of exposure and the alcohol concentration. The monohydric alcohols and some, but not all, of the polyhydric alcohols could activate spores at 37 degrees C. The concentration of a monohydric alcohol that produced optimal spore activation was inversely related to its lipophilic character. Spore injury, which was manifested as a dependence on lysozyme for germination and colony formation, occurred under some conditions of alcohol treatment that exceeded those for optimal spore activation. Treatment with aqueous solutions of monohydric alcohols effectively activated C. perfringens spores and suggests a hydrophobic site for spore activation.     

Properties of the reaction center of the thermophilic purple photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium tepidum

Reaction centers were purified from the thermophilic purple sulfur photosynthetic bacterium Chromatium tepidum. The reaction center consists of four polypeptides L, M, H and C, whose apparent molecular masses were determined to be 25, 30, 34 and 44 kDa, respectively, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The heaviest peptide corresponds to tightly bound cytochrome. The tightly bound cytochrome c contains two types of heme, high-potential c-556 and low-potential c-553. The low-potential heme is able to be photooxidized at 77 K. The reaction center exhibits laser-flash-induced absorption changes and circular dichroism spectra similar to those observed in other purple photosynthetic bacteria. Whole cells contain both ubiquinone and menaquinone. Reaction centers contain only a single active quinone; chemical analysis showed this to be menaquinone. Reaction center complexes without the tightly bound cytochrome were also prepared. The near-infrared pigment absorption bands are red-shifted in reaction centers with cytochrome compared to those without cytochrome.     

Interrelationship of kernel water activity,soil temperature,maturity, and phytoalexin production in preharvest aflatoxin contamination of drought-stressed peanuts

Samples of Florunner peanuts were collected throughout a period of late-season drought stress with mean geocarposphere temperatures of 29 and 25 °C, and determinations of maturity, kernel water activity (a_w), percent moisture, capacity for phytoalexin production, and aflatoxin contamination were made. Results showed an association between the loss of the capacity of kernels to produce phytoalexins and the appearance of aflatoxin contamination. Kernel a_w appeared to be the most important factor controlling the capacity of kernels to produce phytoalexins. Mature peanuts possessed additional resistance to contamination that could not be attributed solely to phytoalexin production. Kernel moisture loss was accelerated in the 29 °C treatment compared to the 25 °C treatment, and data indicated that the higher soil temperature also favored growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus in peanuts susceptible to contamination.Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable.     

High-sensitivity amino acid analysis by derivatization with O-phthalaldehyde and 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate using fluorescence detection: applications in protein structure determination

An amino acid analysis method using a commercially available analyzer that accurately quantitates protein-derived amino acids in the 10-100 pmol range is described. The method utilizes the robotic capability of the analyzer's autosampler to perform precolumn derivatization of both primary and secondary amino acids with o-phthalaldehyde and 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate, respectively. The derivatized amino acids are then separated on a C-18 reverse-phase amino acid column and quantitated in a single run by fluorescence detection. The characterization of beta-lactoglobulin and two tryptic peptides from the bacterial enzyme diaminopimelic acid epimerase is used to demonstrate the sensitivity and utility of this method.     

Rapid quantitative analysis of a gibberellin-sterol inhibitor using high-performance liquid chromatographic cartridge columns

A rapid, sensitive, and economical chemical analysis of the triazole, gibberellin-inhibitor, paclobutrazol (PP333, [(2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4 triazol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol]) was sought, featuring high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as the final quantitation step. Three C₁₈-reverse phase columns (conventional, 250×4.6 mm; cartridge type, 125×4.6 mm; and minicolumn, 33×4.6 mm) were evaluated for their performance in HPLC separation and quantitation of PP333 applied to soil and plant foliage. The 125-mm Whatman Partisil 5 ODS-3 cartridge column was superior to the standard 250-mm DuPont Zorbax ODS unit, and provided enhanced resolution and reduced solvent consumption, analysis time, and cost. A Perkin-Elmer Pecosphere 3×3C-C₁₈ cartridge system was also superior to the 125-mm column with respect to these parameters. Although this minicolumn necessitated an additional purification step prior to HPLC analysis, its exceptionally fast analysis time and recovery period coupled with a high degree of sensitivity rendered it the most superior unit. This HPLC technology provided an efficient means of assaying for PP333 in large-scale experiments dealing with the chemical's absorption, translocation, and physiological response.     

Growth of Clostridium perfringens in cooked chili during cooling.

U.S. Department of Agriculture regulations require that brick chili be cooled from 48.9 degrees C to 4.4 degrees C within 2 h of cooking, but processors may not always be able to comply. Studies were conducted to evaluate the extent of bacterial multiplication resulting from outgrowth of germinated Clostridium perfringens spores experimentally inoculated into chili and incubated at various temperatures. Inoculated samples were heated (75 degrees C for 20 min) to activate spores, quickly equilibrated, and held at one of five desired temperatures for 6 h. No growth was observed for C. perfringens in samples held at 26.7 degrees C and below for 6 h, but growth was observed by 6 h in samples held at 32.2 degrees C and after 2 h in samples held at temperatures between 37.8 degrees C and 48.9 degrees C. Using isothermal growth data, we developed a simple model for predicting the growth of bacteria with time under exponential cooling conditions. The model predicts both the lag phase and the numbers of bacteria at specific times during the growth phase. It was developed by using isothermal growth data and tested by using temperature-varying growth data from experiments with spores of C. perfringens in chili. Actual data agreed closely with predicted results. The results should be useful for evaluating the hazard potential for growth of C. perfringens in chili.     

MAJOR CLADES OF THE ANGIOSPERMS

Abstract— Our knowledge of fundamental angiosperm interrelationships is still very incomplete. The absence of a narrowly circumscribed gymnosperm outgroup, ideally the sister group, makes character evaluation, necessary for a cladistic analysis, difficult. According to current views the superorder Magnoliiflorae with a number of other groups, for example the monocotyledons, may represent a complex of families near the base of the angiosperms. Interrelationships of groups within the monocotyledons are much better understood than those between groups within the dicotyledons. A cladogram of monocotyledon orders based on earlier work by R. Dahlgren, H. T. Clifford, and F. N. Rasmussen is presented. A data matrix for a sample of the angiosperms with 61 characters for 49 taxa, mostly magnoliifloran and related families, is presented. The characters are polarized mainly according to the current view that the primitive angiosperm morphotype is a woody dicotyledon with strobiloid flowers. As an alternative the matrix is adjusted following W. C. Burger's conjecture that the primitive angiosperm was a herbaceous monocotyledon with trimerous flowers. Both matrices were run in a computerized parsimony analysis, resulting in numerous equally parsimonious solutions. This result is illustrative of the great homoplasy in the available character information, and also of how little actually is known about fundamental angiosperm interrelationships or phylogeny.     

Light saturation curves and quantum yields in reaction centers from photosynthetic bacteria.

Reaction centers isolated from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26 mutant were irradiated with laser pulses of variable energy and the amount of photooxidation of the primary electron donor bacteriochlorophyll was measured. The resultant light saturation curve fits an exponential function and not a hyperbolic or hyperbolic tangent function. Analysis using either a Poisson statistical model or a simple kinetic model predicts an exponential light saturation curve in the limit where the light pulse is long relative to any transient intermediate states. The absolute quantum yield of photochemistry was found to be 0.98, utilizing the entire light saturation curve. Distortions from the simple exponential light saturation behavior are predicted when very short laser pulses are used.     

High-cell-density fermentation studies of a recombinantE. coli that expresses atrial natriuretic factor

Summary Studies are presented on the fermentation of recombinantEscherichia coli that express rat atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) as a fusion protein. Our objective was to achieve high cell density while maintaining ANF expression at the same level as observed in shake flasks. Improved fermentation conditions included: maintaining glucose concentrations at 1 g/l, using an enriched medium, adding concentrates of medium throughout the fermentation, and blending oxygen for adequate aeration. Cell densities of 12 g/l (dry weight) were achieved, which represented a 10-fold increase over non-improved conditions, while maintaining ANF levels at 7 mg/g of dry cell mass. When galactose was used as an initial carbon source or as a feed supplement, there was a 2-3-fold increase in the expression of ANF from these high-cell-density fermentations. The recombinant ANF was biologically active.