Conscious Brain-to-Brain Communication in Humans Using Non-Invasive Technologies

Human sensory and motor systems provide the natural means for the exchange of information between individuals, and, hence, the basis for human civilization. The recent development of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) has provided an important element for the creation of brain-to-brain communication systems, and precise brain stimulation techniques are now available for the realization of non-invasive computer-brain interfaces (CBI). These technologies, BCI and CBI, can be combined to realize the vision of non-invasive, computer-mediated brain-to-brain (B2B) communication between subjects (hyperinteraction). Here we demonstrate the conscious transmission of information between human brains through the intact scalp and without intervention of motor or peripheral sensory systems. Pseudo-random binary streams encoding words were transmitted between the minds of emitter and receiver subjects separated by great distances, representing the realization of the first human brain-to-brain interface. In a series of experiments, we established internet-mediated B2B communication by combining a BCI based on voluntary motor imagery-controlled electroencephalographic (EEG) changes with a CBI inducing the conscious perception of phosphenes (light flashes) through neuronavigated, robotized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), with special care taken to block sensory (tactile, visual or auditory) cues. Our results provide a critical proof-of-principle demonstration for the development of conscious B2B communication technologies. More fully developed, related implementations will open new research venues in cognitive, social and clinical neuroscience and the scientific study of consciousness. We envision that hyperinteraction technologies will eventually have a profound impact on the social structure of our civilization and raise important ethical issues.     

Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells Reduce Acute and Chronic Kidney Damage in Mice

Acute and chronic kidney injuries (AKI and CKI) constitute syndromes responsible for a large part of renal failures, and are today still associated with high mortality rates. Given the lack of more effective therapies, there has been intense focus on the use stem cells for organ protective and regenerative effects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown great potential in the treatment of various diseases of immune character, although there is still debate on its mechanism of action. Thus, for a greater understanding of the role of MSCs, we evaluated the effect of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (AdSCs) in an experimental model of nephrotoxicity induced by folic acid (FA) in FVB mice. AdSC-treated animals displayed kidney functional improvement 24h after therapy, represented by reduced serum urea after FA. These data correlated with cell cycle regulation and immune response modulation via reduced chemokine expression and reduced neutrophil infiltrate. Long-term analyses, 4 weeks after FA, indicated that AdSC treatment reduced kidney fibrosis and chronic inflammation. These were demonstrated by reduced interstitial collagen deposition and tissue chemokine and cytokine expression. Thus, we concluded that AdSC treatment played a protective role in the framework of nephrotoxic injury via modulation of inflammation and cell cycle regulation, resulting in reduced kidney damage and functional improvement, inhibiting organ fibrosis and providing long-term immune regulation.     

Studies on evolutionary and selective properties of hypercycles using a Monte Carlo method

Summary The most relevant properties of hypercycles were previously studied mainly from a theoretical point of view. We have developed a Monte Carlo method simulating hypercyclic organization to obtain information about the dynamics of this prebiotic organization. Nucleation, growth, and selective properties have been tested and the results obtained are in good agreement with those of the theoretical predictions. The influence of hypercyclic organization of the error threshold has also been studied. As a consequence of the emergence of a hypercycle, the value of this threshold decreases. The amount of this decrease depends on the population size. Moreover, for some interval of quality factor values, either the hypercycle organization or an error catastrophe can be produced, depending on the initial conditions. The influence of these phenomena on both the dynamic behavior and evolutionary advantages of the hypercycle, as well as their decisive roles on genome size, are discussed.Presented at the FEBS Symposium on Genome Organization and Evolution, held in Crete, Greece, September 1–5, 1986     

Cultivar and pH effects on competition for nodule sites between isolates of Rhizobium in beans

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of acidity on bean-Rhizobium competition for nodule sites. SevenPhaseolus vulgaris host cultivars differing in acid-pH tolerance were grown in sand culture, and irrigated using a sub-irrigation system and nutrient solutions of pH 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0. A mixed inoculant of two antibiotically markedRhizobium leguminosarum bvphaseoli strains CIAT899 (acid-tolerant) and CIAT632 (acid-sensitive) was used. The acid-tolerant CIAT899 dominated CIAT632 in nodule occupancy across all cultivars and pH treatments. Although several of the varieties had previously been identified as PH-tolerant, and these cultivars performed better than those reported to be acid sensitive, all showed a marked increase in nodulation and plant development when the pH was raised from 4.5 to 6.0. The second experiment using a modified Leonard jar system varied the inoculation ratio between CIAT899 and UMR1116 (acid-sensitive, inefficient in N₂-fixation) and contrasted nodulation response for the bean varieties Preto 143 (pH-tolerant) and Negro Argel (pH-sensitive) at 3 pH treatments (4.5, 5.5, 6.5). There was a significant effect of host cultivar, ratio of inoculation, and pH on the percentage of nodule occupancy by each strain. At low pH CIAT899 had higher nodule occupancy than UM1116 in the variety Negro Argel but had the same percentage of nodulation when the variety was Preto 143. Increasing the cell concentration of UMR1116 produced more inefficient nodules at all treatment combinations and reduced plant growth for both cultivars used.     

Hydrocortisone regulates arylsulfatase A (cerebroside-3-sulfate-3-sulfohydrolase) by decreasing the quantity of the enzyme in cultures of cells dissociated from embryonic mouse cerebra

Previous work from our laboratory (Biochem. J. 219:689–697 (1984) had shown that hydrocortisone stimulated the net accumulation of the myelin-specific sulfolipid in cultures of cells dissociated from embryonic mouse cerebra. This accumulation caused by hydrocortisone was shown to be due to a decrease of sulfolipid degradation by arylsulfatase A (ASA) and not due to a stimulation of its synthesis by a sulfotransferase. Both ASA activity and the turnover of sulfolipid were decreased by hydrocortisone to 60–62% of untreated cells. In current work the same decrease in enzyme activity was obtained and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays demonstrate that hydrocortisone decreased the number of ASA protein molecules to 61% of untreated cells [(-)hydrocorcortisone 0.31±0.06 ng ASA/g protein; (+)hydrocortisone: 0.18±0.04 ng ASA/g protein]. This decrease in the number of ASA molecules correlates well with the decrease in both the enzyme activity and the sulfolipid turnover, which suggests that the major mode of inhibition of ASA activity by hydrocortisone involves a decrease in the concentration of ASA in the cells rather than some other mechanism of inhibition.The material in this paper has been included in a dissertation submitted by A.J.M. in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Temple University.     

A BASIC microcomputer program to calculate the secondary structure of proteins from their circular dichroism spectrum

A BASIC program (CDPROT) has been developed to calculate thesecondary structure of proteins from their far UV circular dichroismspectrum. This implementation can use different reference spectra,calculated either from model polypeptides or proteins of knowntertiary structure. Apart from obtaining the a-helical, ß-structure,ß-turns or random percentages which would generatethe spectrum of best fit with respect to the experimental measures,CDPROT represents on screen both theoretical and experimentalspectra indicating the root-mean-square error. The provisionof additional reference spectra by the user is also considered,and another program (STOREREF) performs the editing in an adequateformat for CDPROT. Received on March 8, 1988; accepted on June 3, 1988     

The phylogeny of the hominoid primates: a statistical analysis of the DNA-DNA hybridization data

Sibley and Ahlquist compared the single-copy nuclear DNA sequences of the hominoid primates using DNA-DNA hybridization. From this data set they estimated a phylogeny that clusters man and chimpanzees using a distance Wagner procedure. However, no assessment of statistical confidence in this estimated phylogeny was made, despite the fact that their data set contains internal inconsistencies concerning the correct branching order. This paper presents a modification of Pielou's Q- statistic that allows one to make nonparametric tests of phylogenetic relationship from distance data. The results of this analysis indicate that the estimated phylogeny of Sibley and Ahlquist is without statistical significance owing to the internal inconsistencies of the data set. A survey and additional analyses of other types of molecular data indicate that the phylogeny that clusters chimpanzees and gorillas and has the human lineage splitting off earlier is statistically consistent with all the molecular data (including the DNA-DNA hybridization data), whereas the phylogeny estimated by Sibley and Ahlquist can be rejected at the 5% level using the data on restriction- endonuclease sites in the mitochondrial genome.      

Irradiation as an Alternative to Mastectomy for Early Breast Cancer—An Important Consideration Because of Changes in Laws

Between May 1973 and December 1980 there were 76 patients (78 breasts) with clinical stage I or II breast carcinoma treated by biopsy and definitive radiotherapy at Stanford University Medical Center. Local-regional control has been achieved thus far in 76 of 78 cases (97 percent) with a median follow-up time of 26 months. Transient lymphedema of the breast, arm edema and breast fibrosis were the most commonly noted complications. The cosmetic result was analyzed and scored as excellent in 78 percent, satisfactory in 18 percent and unsatisfactory in 4 percent. The three unsatisfactory results occurred in patients in whom severe fibrosis developed as a result of suboptimal radiation techniques. Interdisciplinary cooperation among surgical, medical and radiation oncologists is important. The 97 percent local-regional control and the 96 percent excellent-to-satisfactory results support the use of primary radiotherapy in early stage breast carcinoma.     

Interactions ofCandida albicans with bacteria and salivary molecules in oral biofilms

The yeastCandida albicans coaggregates with a variety of streptococcal species, an interaction that may promote oral colonization by yeast cells.C. albicans andCandida tropicalis are the yeasts most frequently isolated from the human oral cavity and our data demonstrate that both these species bind toStreptococcus gordonii NCTC 7869 while two otherCandida species (Candida krusei andCandida kefyr) do not. Adherence ofC. albicans was greatest when the yeast had been grown at 30° C to mid-exponential growth phase. For 21 strains ofC. albicans there was a positive correlation between the ability to adhere toS. gordonii and adherence to experimental salivary pellicle. Whole saliva either stimulated or slightly inhibited adherence ofC. albicans toS. gordonii depending on the streptococcal growth conditions. The results suggest that the major salivary adhesins and coaggregation adhesins ofC. albicans are co-expressed.