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1.
Palmitic acid (PA) is associated with higher blood concentrations of medium-chain acylcarnitines (MCACs), and we hypothesized that PA may inhibit progression of FA β-oxidation. Using a cross-over design, 17 adults were fed high PA (HPA) and low PA/high oleic acid (HOA) diets, each for 3 weeks. The [1-13C]PA and [13-13C]PA tracers were administered with food in random order with each diet, and we assessed PA oxidation (PA OX) and serum AC concentration to determine whether a higher PA intake promoted incomplete PA OX. Dietary PA was completely oxidized during the HOA diet, but only about 40% was oxidized during the HPA diet. The [13-13C]PA/[1-13C]PA ratio of PA OX had an approximate value of 1.0 for either diet, but the ratio of the serum concentrations of MCACs to long-chain ACs (LCACs) was significantly higher during the HPA diet. Thus, direct measurement of PA OX did not confirm that the HPA diet caused incomplete PA OX, despite the modest, but statistically significant, increase in the ratio of MCACs to LCACs in blood.  相似文献   
2.
High glucose concentrations due to diabetes increase apoptosis of vascular pericytes, impairing vascular regulation and weakening vessels, especially in brain and retina. We sought to determine whether vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, could prevent such high glucose-induced increases in pericyte apoptosis. Culture of human microvascular brain pericytes at 25 mM compared to 5 mM glucose increased apoptosis measured as the appearance of cleaved caspase 3. Loading the cells with ascorbate during culture decreased apoptosis, both at 5 and 25 mM glucose. High glucose-induced apoptosis was due largely to activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), since it was prevented by specific RAGE inhibition. Culture of pericytes for 24 h with RAGE agonists also increased apoptosis, which was completely prevented by inclusion of 100 μM ascorbate. Ascorbate also prevented RAGE agonist-induced apoptosis measured as annexin V binding in human retinal pericytes, a cell type with relevance to diabetic retinopathy. RAGE agonists decreased intracellular ascorbate and GSH in brain pericytes. Despite this evidence of increased oxidative stress, ascorbate prevention of RAGE-induced apoptosis was not mimicked by several antioxidants. These results show that ascorbate prevents pericyte apoptosis due RAGE activation. Although RAGE activation decreases intracellular ascorbate and GSH, the prevention of apoptosis by ascorbate may involve effects beyond its function as an antioxidant.  相似文献   
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4.
Sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (SOAT2), also known as ACAT2, is the major cholesterol esterifying enzyme in the liver and small intestine (SI). Esterified cholesterol (EC) carried in certain classes of plasma lipoproteins is hydrolyzed by lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) when they are cleared from the circulation. Loss-of-function mutations in LIPA, the gene that encodes LAL, result in Wolman disease (WD) or cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD). Hepatomegaly and a massive increase in tissue EC levels are hallmark features of both disorders. While these conditions can be corrected with enzyme replacement therapy, the question arose as to what effect the loss of SOAT2 function might have on tissue EC sequestration in LAL-deficient mice. When weaned at 21 days, Lal/:Soat2+/+ mice had a whole liver cholesterol content (mg/organ) of 24.7 mg vs 1.9 mg in Lal+/+:Soat2+/+ littermates, with almost all the excess sterol being esterified. Over the next 31 days, liver cholesterol content in the Lal/:Soat2+/+ mice increased to 145 ± 2 mg but to only 29 ± 2 mg in their Lal/:Soat2/ littermates. The level of EC accumulation in the SI of the Lal/:Soat2/ mice was also much less than in their Lal/:Soat2+/+ littermates. In addition, there was a >70% reduction in plasma transaminase activities in the Lal/:Soat2/ mice. These studies illustrate how the severity of disease in a mouse model for CESD can be substantially ameliorated by elimination of SOAT2 function.  相似文献   
5.
Unique species of ceramide (Cer) with very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLCPUFA), mainly 28–32 carbon atoms, 4–5 double bonds, in nonhydroxy and 2-hydroxy forms (n-V Cer and h-V Cer, respectively), are generated in rat spermatozoa from the corresponding sphingomyelins during the acrosomal reaction. The aim of this study was to determine the properties of these sperm-distinctive ceramides in Langmuir monolayers. Individual Cer species were isolated by HPLC and subjected to analysis of surface pressure, surface potential, and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) as a function of molecular packing. In comparison with known species of Cer, n-V Cer and h-V Cer species showed much larger mean molecular areas and increased molecular dipole moments in liquid expanded phases, which suggest bending and partial hydration of the double bonded portion of the VLCPUFA. The presence of the 2-hydoxyl group induced a closer molecular packing in h-V Cer than in their chain-matched n-V Cer. In addition, all these Cer species showed liquid-expanded to liquid-condensed transitions at room temperature. Existence of domain segregation was confirmed by BAM. Additionally, thermodynamic analysis suggests a phase transition close to the physiological temperature for VLCPUFA-Cers if organized as bulk dispersions.  相似文献   
6.
E1 and E2 are two hepatitis C viral envelope glycoproteins that assemble into a heterodimer that is essential for membrane fusion and penetration into the target cell. Both extracellular and transmembrane (TM) glycoprotein domains contribute to this interaction, but study of TM–TM interactions has been limited because synthesis and structural characterization of these highly hydrophobic segments present significant challenges. In this NMR study, by successful expression and purification of the E2 transmembrane domain as a fusion construct we have determined the global fold and characterized backbone motions for this peptide incorporated in phospholipid micelles. Backbone resonance frequencies, relaxation rates and solvent exposure measurements concur in showing this domain to adopt a helical conformation, with two helical segments spanning residues 717–726 and 732–746 connected by an unstructured linker containing the charged residues D728 and R730 involved in E1 binding. Although this linker exhibits increased local motions on the ps timescale, the dominating contribution to its relaxation is the global tumbling motion with an estimated correlation time of 12.3 ns. The positioning of the helix–linker–helix architecture within the mixed micelle was established by paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy and phospholipid-peptide cross relaxation measurements. These indicate that while the helices traverse the hydrophobic interior of the micelle, the linker lies closer to the micelle perimeter to accommodate its charged residues. These results lay the groundwork for structure determination of the E1/E2 complex and a molecular understanding of glycoprotein heterodimerization.  相似文献   
7.
In bacteria, membrane transporters of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) family participate in Zn2 +, Fe2 +, Mn2 +, Co2 + and Ni2 + homeostasis. The functional role during infection processes for several members has been shown to be linked to the specificity of transport. Sinorhizobium meliloti has two homologous CDF genes with unknown transport specificity. Here we evaluate the role played by the CDF SMc02724 (SmYiiP). The deletion mutant strain of SmYiiP (ΔsmyiiP) showed reduced in vitro growth fitness only in the presence of Mn2 +. Incubation of ΔsmyiiP and WT cells with sub-lethal Mn2 + concentrations resulted in a 2-fold increase of the metal only in the mutant strain. Normal levels of resistance to Mn2 + were attained by complementation with the gene SMc02724 under regulation of its endogenous promoter. In vitro, liposomes with incorporated heterologously expressed pure protein accumulated several transition metals. However, only the transport rate of Mn2 + was increased by imposing a transmembrane H+ gradient. Nodulation assays in alfalfa plants showed that the strain ΔsmyiiP induced a lower number of nodules than in plants infected with the WT strain. Our results indicate that Mn2 + homeostasis in S. meliloti is required for full infection capacity, or nodule function, and that the specificity of transport in vivo of SmYiiP is narrowed down to Mn2 + by a mechanism involving the proton motive force.  相似文献   
8.
目的:观察唑来膦酸联合钙尔奇D治疗糖尿病性骨质疏松症的临床疗效。方法:将120例糖尿病性骨质疏松患者随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组60例予唑来膦酸联合钙尔奇D治疗,对照组60例予钙尔奇D治疗。连续治疗12个月后,比较两组患者的骨密度、疼痛评分及不良反应的发生情况。结果:治疗12个月后,实验组患者的股骨颈、股骨粗隆和腰椎正位的骨密度均较对照组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);VAS疼痛评分较对照组显著降低(P0.05)。治疗过程中,两组均无严重的不良反应发生。结论:唑来膦酸联合钙尔奇D治疗糖尿病性骨质疏松临床效果优于钙尔奇D单药治疗。  相似文献   
9.
目的:制备一种超声和p H双重响应的同时载有阿霉素(DOX)与石胆酸(LA)的纳米胶束,实现两种药物的共转运。方法:将叠氮化的石胆酸(LA-(N3)_2)与两个丙炔胺化β-环糊精(β-CD-C≡CH)通过点击反应结合,得到一种两亲性β-环糊精二聚体(LA-(CD)_2)。该环糊精二聚体在水溶液中发生自组装,同时包裹疏水性药物阿霉素,最终得到阿霉素与石胆酸共转运的纳米胶束(LA-CD2/DOX)。通过核磁共振光谱和飞行时间质谱表征LA-(CD)2的结构,透射电镜(TEM)和动态光散射(DLS)表征共转运纳米粒的形貌和大小,动态透析法模拟体外释药,监测在不同p H值和超声作用下纳米胶束的释药特性,同时采用人口腔表皮样癌细胞(KB细胞)测定LA-(CD)2/DOX的细胞毒性。结果:1经核磁共振和飞行时间质谱表征LA-(CD)2成功合成。2透射电镜和动态光散射证实LA-(CD)2自组装成形态规整的纳米胶束,Dz=128 nm,PDI=0.21。3体外释药实验结果表明DOX的释药具有p H和超声双重响应性,而LA的释药只具有p H响应性。4细胞实验证实LA-CD2/DOX的细胞毒性高于DOX和LA。结论:LA-(CD)2/DOX可有望成为一种p H和超声双重响应的抗肿瘤药物共转运纳米载体。  相似文献   
10.
目的:评价小鼠许旺细胞体外复合改性聚乳酸\聚羟基乙酸(PLA\PGA)的细胞活性及生物相容性。方法:转绿色荧光蛋白基 因(GFP)小鼠的许旺细胞传代培养至第2 代,然后通过MTT 检测在不同改性技术(H2O2、NaOH、NaClO4、K2CrO4及超声波)处理 的PLA\PGA 浸提液中许旺细胞的增殖情况,检测许旺细胞在PLA\PGA表面的黏附及其细胞形态。结果:于培养1 d,3 d测得在 不同改性技术处理的PLA\PGA浸提液OD值,1 天时,各浸提液组和对照组相比无显著性差异,许旺细胞的活力及增殖无影响。3 天时,经NaClO4及K2CrO4处理的PLA\PGA 与对照组相比具有统计学差异,影响许旺细胞的增殖,对许旺细胞有毒性;荧光显微 镜下观察到许旺细胞在改性PLA\PGA 表面逐渐伸展,形成伪足,最终粘附在材料表面。结论:经H2O2、NaOH 及超声波改性 PLA\PGA无细胞毒性,具有良好的生物相容性和黏附性,可以用于组织工程化神经的构筑。  相似文献   
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