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1.

Background

The main goal of our study was to investigate the implementation, prospects, and limits of marker imputation for quantitative genetic studies contrasting map-independent and map-dependent algorithms. We used a diversity panel consisting of 372 European elite wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, which had been genotyped with SNP arrays, and performed intensive simulation studies.

Results

Our results clearly showed that imputation accuracy was substantially higher for map-dependent compared to map-independent methods. The accuracy of marker imputation depended strongly on the linkage disequilibrium between the markers in the reference panel and the markers to be imputed. For the decay of linkage disequilibrium present in European wheat, we concluded that around 45,000 markers are needed for low cost, low-density marker profiling. This will facilitate high imputation accuracy, also for rare alleles. Genomic selection and diversity studies profited only marginally from imputing missing values. In contrast, the power of association mapping increased substantially when missing values were imputed.

Conclusions

Imputing missing values is especially of interest for an economic implementation of association mapping in breeding populations.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1366-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   
2.
卢红芳  王晨阳  郭天财  尹云星 《生态学报》2014,34(13):3612-3619
为探讨花后逆境胁迫影响小麦籽粒氮代谢及蛋白质合成的生理机制,采用盆栽和人工气候室模拟花后高温的方式,研究了灌浆前期短暂高温和干旱胁迫对两个不同品质类型小麦品种籽粒蛋白质含量、组分及谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性的影响。结果表明,灌浆前期高温、干旱及其复合胁迫均显著提高两品种籽粒蛋白质及组分含量,但降低谷/醇比。逆境胁迫使蛋白质积累量和粒重显著下降,其中高温处理使两品种蛋白质产量分别下降20.7%和12.4%,粒重下降23.2%和24.0%;干旱胁迫使两品种蛋白质产量分别下降16.2%和11.9%,粒重下降18.0%和16.0%;复合胁迫使两品种蛋白质产量分别下降26.1%和15.8%,粒重下降29.9%和28.9%。高温、干旱及其复合胁迫下两品种籽粒氮代谢关键酶活性升高。花后8,17,23,29 d的GS活性和花后11,17 d的GPT活性与蛋白质含量呈显著或极显著正相关,花后23,35 d的GS和花后8,17,23 d的GPT活性与蛋白质产量呈显著或极显著负相关,花后8,17,23,29,35 d的GS和花后8,11,17,23 d的GPT活性与籽粒产量呈显著或极显著负相关。试验条件下,高温处理对籽粒蛋白质合成的影响大于干旱胁迫,二者具有叠加效应,强筋小麦品种郑麦366受逆境胁迫的影响较大。  相似文献   
3.
The ability to genetically alter the product-formation capabilities of Clostridium acetobutylicum is necessary for continued progress toward industrial production of the solvents butanol and acetone by fermentation. Batch fermentations at pH 4.5, 5.5, or 6.5 were conducted using C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 (pFNK6). Plasmid pFNK6 contains a synthetic operon (the "ace operon") in which the three homologous acetone-formation genas (adc, ctfA, and ctfB) are transcribed from the adc promoter. The corresponding enzymes (acetoacetate decarboxylase and CoA-transferase) were best expressed in pH 4.5 fermentations. However, the highest levels of solvents were attained at pH 5.5. Relative to the plasmid-free control strain at pH 5.5, ATCC 824 (pFNK6) produced 95%, 37%, and 90% higher final concentrations of acetone, butanol, and ethanol, respectively; a 50% higher yield (g/g) of solvents on glucose; and a 22-fold lower mass of residual carboxylic acids. At all pH values, the acetone-formation enzymes were expressed earlier with ATCC 824 (pFNK6) than in control fermentations, leading to earlier induction of acetone formation. Furthermore, strain ATCC 824 (pFNK6) produced butanol significantly earlier in the fermentation and produced significant levels of solvents at pH 6.5. Only trace levels of solvents were produced by strain ATCC 824 at pH 6.5. Compared with ATCC 824, a plasmid-control strain containing a vector without the ace operon also produced higher levels of solvents [although lower than those of strain ATCC 824 (pFNK6)] and lower levels of acids. Strains containing plasmid-borne derivatives of the ace operon, in which either the acetoacetate decarboxylase or CoA-transferase alone were expressed at elevated levels, produced acids and solvents at levels similar to those of the plasmid-control strain. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.  相似文献   
4.
Summary The changes in Na current during development were studied in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Cells obtained from rats 1–3 and 5–8 days after birth were cultured and their Na currents were compared. On top of the two types of Na currents reported in these cells (fast-FA current and slow-S current) a new fast current was found (FN). The main characteristics of the three currents are: (i) The voltages of activation are –37, –36, and –23 mV for the FN, FA and S currents, respectively. (ii) The activation and inactivation kinetics of FN and FA currents are about five times faster than those of the S current. (iii) The voltages at which inactivation reaches 50% are –139, –75 and –23 mV for the FN, FA and S currents, respectively.The kinetics and voltage-dependent parameters of the three currents and their density do not change during the first eight days after birth. However, their relative frequency in the cells changes. In the 1–3 day-old rats the precent of cells with S, FA, and mixed S+FN currents is 22, 18, and 60% of the cells, respectively. In the 5–8 day-old, the percent of cells with S, FA, and FN+S is 10, 66 and 22%. The relative increase in the frequency of cells with FA current during development can contribute to the ease of action potential generation compared with cells with FN currents, which are almost completely inactivated under physiological conditions. The predominance of FA cells also results in a significant decrease in the relative frequency of cells with the high-threshold, slow current.Antibodies directed against a part of the S4 region of internal repeat I of the sodium channel (C 1 + , amino acids 210–223, eel channel numbering) were found to shift the voltage dependence of FA current inactivation (but not of FN or S currents) to more negative potentials. The effect was found only when the antibodies were applied externally. The results suggest that FN, FA and S types of Na currents are generated by channels, which are different in the topography of the C 1 + region in the membrane.  相似文献   
5.
长期施用稀土对小麦植株中稀土元素含量及分布的影响   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
在我国施用稀土时间最长的黑龙江花园农场,研究了连续12a叶面喷施稀土对小麦植株及土壤中稀土元素总含量和分布模式的影响。结果表明:连续12a叶施稀土没有造成土壤中元素含量及分布模式的变化;对小麦拔节始期(喷施稀土7d)后叶部的影响较大,La,Ce最明显增高,叶部稀土元素分布模式与“常乐”稀土中的相一致,与土壤中稀土元素分布模式不同,而在小麦拔节始期的根部、小麦成熟期的根、茎、叶、壳等部位稀土元素分布  相似文献   
6.
水分亏缺对冬小麦净光合速率影响程度研究   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
水分亏缺对冬小麦净光合速率影响程度研究王慧(西北大学城市与资源学系,西安710069)EffectofWaterDeficitonNetPhotosynthesisRateofWinterWheat.WangHui(DepatmentofUrban...  相似文献   
7.
探讨典型黄河故道区生物炭配施氮肥对耕层土壤理化性质和作物产量的影响,阐明生物炭配施氮肥后土壤碳氮含量和理化性质的变化规律,可为合理培肥土壤、提升耕地质量、提高冬小麦产量提供科学依据。本研究以黄河故道典型区域潮土和中性生物炭为供试材料,连续两年进行田间定位试验,开展不同生物炭用量(0、15、30 t·hm-2)配施氮肥(N 270、330 kg·hm-2)对土壤理化性质的影响研究。结果表明: 生物炭施入2年后,土壤广义土壤结构指数(GSSI)增大、土壤三相结构距离指数(STPSD)减小,显著改善了土壤三相比,其中在30 t·hm-2施炭量条件下土壤三相比最接近理想状态;土壤紧实度和容重降低,土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度增加,田间持水量和透水透气性增大,土壤板结状况得到缓解;>0.25 mm粒径团聚体显著增加(增幅70.6%~94.4%),团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)增大(增幅24.0%~48.0%),土壤团聚体结构得到改善。施加生物炭可显著增加土壤有机碳含量(增幅15.8%~67.0%),并可调节土壤C/N,降低氮素释放强度,提高氮肥利用率,显著增加土壤肥力,但未提高土壤pH值,其中10~20 cm土层土壤pH值呈显著下降趋势。在相同施氮条件下,施用生物炭比不施用处理的冬小麦产量2年平均增加9.6%~25.6%,增产效果显著;在相同生物炭施用量下,高氮处理比常规氮处理的冬小麦平均增产2.5%~4.4%,但差异不显著。综上,生物炭配施氮肥能够改善土壤微生态环境,提高土壤肥力,增加作物产量。从改善土壤理化性质、作物增产效果和投入成本等方面综合考虑,推荐在黄河故道区耕作层施入生物炭30 t·hm-2并配施氮肥330 kg·hm-2较为适宜。  相似文献   
8.
小麦冷源是一种冷温供体材料,有较强的降温作用,当受体小麦接受冷温供体的配子后,其后代冠温呈普遍下降态势,且部分受体小麦的温度型可由非冷型转化为后代的冷型,而冷型小麦具有代谢功能好且利于高产、稳产的特征,故小麦冷源不但对冷型小麦的问世有重要诱导作用,且能更好促进小麦的高产、稳产.将小麦冷源材料放置在不同的气象条件之下,以研究其籽粒品质的变异状况.结果表明,小麦冷源和非冷源相比,17项籽粒品质性状变异等级的加权平均值为1.9877,后者为2 8171,显示出小麦冷源的籽粒品质具有明显变异小、较稳定的特征,这和籽粒形成过程中蛋白质、淀粉及其组分的含量,相互间的比例变异小密切相关.由于小麦冷源具有籽粒品质变异小的特性,因而,这种特性就利于在其后代冷型小麦上显现,从而使冷型小麦的一些优良品质性状能在生产上反复重演,这不但进一步赋予了利于高产、稳产的冷型小麦以优质、稳质的性状,并能最终促进小麦生产的较大发展,其意义是十分重要的.  相似文献   
9.
农田土壤固碳措施的温室气体泄漏和净减排潜力   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
逯非  王效科  韩冰  欧阳志云  郑华 《生态学报》2009,29(9):4993-5006
农田土壤固碳措施作为京都议定书认可的大气CO2减排途径受到了广泛关注.研究表明,农田土壤固碳措施在主要农业国家和全球都具有很大的固碳潜力.但是,实施农田土壤固碳措施有可能影响农业中化石燃料消耗和其他农业投入的CO2排放和非CO2温室气体排放.这些土壤碳库以外的温室气体排放变化可能抵消部分甚至全部土壤固碳效果,构成了农田土壤固碳措施的温室气体泄漏.因此,将土壤固碳和温室气体泄漏综合计算的净减排潜力成为了判定土壤固碳措施可行性的首要标准.综述总结了目前较受重视的一些农田措施(包括施用化学氮肥、免耕和保护性耕作、灌溉、秸秆还田、施用禽畜粪便以及污灌)的土壤固碳潜力,温室气体泄漏和净减排潜力研究成果.结果表明,温室气体泄漏可抵消以上措施土壤固碳效益的-241%~660%.建议在今后的研究中,应该关注土壤碳饱和、气候变化及土地利用变化对农田固碳措施温室气体泄漏和净减排潜力的评估结果的影响.  相似文献   
10.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae type 2C protein phosphatase Ptc1 is required for a wide variety of cellular functions, although only a few cellular targets have been identified. A genetic screen in search of mutations in protein kinase–encoding genes able to suppress multiple phenotypic traits caused by the ptc1 deletion yielded a single gene, MKK1, coding for a MAPK kinase (MAPKK) known to activate the cell-wall integrity (CWI) Slt2 MAPK. In contrast, mutation of the MKK1 paralog, MKK2, had a less significant effect. Deletion of MKK1 abolished the increased phosphorylation of Slt2 induced by the absence of Ptc1 both under basal and CWI pathway stimulatory conditions. We demonstrate that Ptc1 acts at the level of the MAPKKs of the CWI pathway, but only the Mkk1 kinase activity is essential for ptc1 mutants to display high Slt2 activation. We also show that Ptc1 is able to dephosphorylate Mkk1 in vitro. Our results reveal the preeminent role of Mkk1 in signaling through the CWI pathway and strongly suggest that hyperactivation of Slt2 caused by upregulation of Mkk1 is at the basis of most of the phenotypic defects associated with lack of Ptc1 function.  相似文献   
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