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1.
Unique species of ceramide (Cer) with very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLCPUFA), mainly 28–32 carbon atoms, 4–5 double bonds, in nonhydroxy and 2-hydroxy forms (n-V Cer and h-V Cer, respectively), are generated in rat spermatozoa from the corresponding sphingomyelins during the acrosomal reaction. The aim of this study was to determine the properties of these sperm-distinctive ceramides in Langmuir monolayers. Individual Cer species were isolated by HPLC and subjected to analysis of surface pressure, surface potential, and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) as a function of molecular packing. In comparison with known species of Cer, n-V Cer and h-V Cer species showed much larger mean molecular areas and increased molecular dipole moments in liquid expanded phases, which suggest bending and partial hydration of the double bonded portion of the VLCPUFA. The presence of the 2-hydoxyl group induced a closer molecular packing in h-V Cer than in their chain-matched n-V Cer. In addition, all these Cer species showed liquid-expanded to liquid-condensed transitions at room temperature. Existence of domain segregation was confirmed by BAM. Additionally, thermodynamic analysis suggests a phase transition close to the physiological temperature for VLCPUFA-Cers if organized as bulk dispersions.  相似文献   
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Sticholysin I (St I) is a pore-forming toxin (PFT) produced by the Caribbean Sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus belonging to the actinoporin protein family, a unique class of eukaryotic PFT exclusively found in sea anemones. As for actinoporins, it has been proposed that the presence of sphingomyelin (SM) and the coexistence of lipid phases increase binding to the target membrane. However, little is known about the role of membrane structure and dynamics (phase state, fluidity, presence of lipid domains) on actinoporins' activity or which regions of the membrane are the most favorable platforms for protein insertion. To gain insight into the role of SM on the interaction of St I to lipid membranes we studied their binding to monolayers of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and SM in different proportions. Additionally, the effect of acyl chain length and unsaturation, two features related to membrane fluidity, was evaluated on St I binding to monolayers. This study revealed that St I binds and penetrates preferentially and with a faster kinetic to liquid-expanded films with high lateral mobility and moderately enriched in SM. A high content of SM induces a lower lateral diffusion and/or liquid-condensed phases, which hinder St I binding and penetration to the lipid monolayer. Furthermore, the presence of lipid domain borders does not appear as an important factor for St I binding to the lipid monolayer.  相似文献   
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The shape of the human acetabular cup was commonly represented as a hemisphere, but different geometries and patient-specific shapes have been recently proposed in the literature. Our aim was to test the limits of the sphericity assumption by comparing three different parameterisations, namely the sphere, the ellipsoid and the rotational conchoid. Models of hip surfaces, reconstructed from CT scans taken from Caucasian race cadavers and patients, were automatically processed to extract the acetabular surface. Two separate analyses were carried out on the overall acetabular shape, including both the acetabular fossa and the lunate surface (case A) and acetabular cup represented by the lunate surface only (case B). Nonlinear gradient-based and evolutionary computation approaches were implemented for the fitting process. Minor differences from the three idealised geometries were detected (median values of the fitting errors < 1 mm). Nonetheless, the sphere fitting was found to be statistically different from both the ellipsoid (p < 2.50e ? 10) and the conchoid (p < 1.07e ? 09), whereas no statistical difference was detected between the ellipsoid and the conchoid for case A. Significance of the difference between ellipsoid and sphere (p < 4.55e ? 12) and between conchoid and sphere (p < 1.93e ? 11) was found for case B as well. Interestingly, for case B statistical difference was detected between the ellipsoid and the conchoid. In conclusion, we synthesise that the morphology of the overall acetabular cup can be parameterised both with an ellipsoid shape and with a conchoid shape as well with superior quality than the simple sphere. Differently, if one considers just the lunate surface, better fitting results are expected when using the ellipsoid.  相似文献   
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The fruits of Cudrania tricuspidata (Carr.) Bur. (Moraceae) significantly inhibited pancreatic lipase, which plays a key role in fat absorption. Optimization of extraction conditions with minimum pancreatic lipase activity and maximum yield was determined using response surface methodology with three-level-three-factor Box–Behnken design (BBD). Regression analysis showed a good fit of the experimental data and the optimal condition was obtained as ethanol concentration, 74.5%; temperature 61.9 °C and extraction time, 13.5 h. The pancreatic lipase activity and extraction yield under optimal conditions were found to be 65.5% and 54.0%, respectively, which were well matched with the predicted value of 65.8% and 47.1%. Further fractionation of C. tricuspidata extract resulted in the isolation of compound 1, which was identified as 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone. It inhibited pancreatic lipase activity with IC50 value of 65.0 μM. HPLC analysis suggested positive correlation between pancreatic lipase inhibition and 5,7,4′-trihydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone of C. tricuspidata fruits.  相似文献   
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Summary In asexual reproduction of the water mold,Saprolegnia ferax, four distinct and sequentially produced spores are involved in dispersal, two of which are motile and two of which are nonmotile. Composition of cell surface glycoproteins may be important in dispersal strategies for each of these stages. Binding patterns of fluorescently labelled lectins were investigated to identify differences in glycoproteins of asexually produced dispersal stages. The pattern of lectin binding to zoospores was diverse. FITC-Con A bound to surfaces of zoospores and membranes of the water expulsion vacuole system, indicating the prescence of mannosyl and glucosyl residues. In zoospores incubated for more than 30 min in FITC-WGA and FITC-GS II. which bind N-acetyl glucosamine, fluorescence was sometimes localized in peripheral, intracellular patches. In shorter incubations, secondary zoospores bound these lectins along the groove region where K-bodies were located. Surfaces of cystospores typically bound FITC-WGA, but not FITC-GS II. FITC-GS II, however, bound to empty cystospore walls, probably because reactive sugars were available at the inner surface of the wall. Germ tubes emerging from cystospores bound labelled WGA and GS II, but not Con A. The same lectin binding pattern was found along discharge papilla of primary cystospores, indicating that modifications in cystospore walls associated with direct germination and zoospore discharge were similar. Thus, glycoproteins involved in early establishment of the hyphal system differ from those forming the cell surface of cystospores. Differences in the binding pattern of lectins to zoospores and cystospores highlight differences between cell surface carbohydrates of motile and nonmotile asexual stages.Abbreviations BPA lectin fromBauhinia purpurea - C1 primary cystospore - C2 secondary cystospore - Con A concanavalin A, lectin fromCanavalia ensiformis - DBA lectin fromDolichos biflorus - DIC Nomarski differential interference contrast optics - DS dilute salts - FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate - FUC fucose - Gal galactose - GalNAc N-acetyl galactosamine - Glc glucose - GlcNAc N-acetyl glucosamine - GS I Griffonia simplicifolia lectin I - GS II G. simplicifolia lectin II - Man mannose - MPA lectin fromMaclura pomifera - PC phase contrast optics - PNA lectin fromArachis hypogaea - SBA soybean agglutinin, lectin fromGlycine max - UEA-1 lectin fromUlex europaeus - WGA wheat germ agglutinin fromTriticum vulgare - WV water expulsion vacuole  相似文献   
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The transmembrane diffusion of hydrophobic antimicrobial agents, e.g. lincomycin and clindamycin, was examined in Bacteroides fragilis which is sensitive to these agents. The results showed that these agents penetrate efficiently through the outer membrane. Cell surface hydrophobicity measured by the partition assay between water and p-xylene revealed that the cell surface of B. fragilis is more hydrophobic than that of Salmonella typhimurium or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, treatment with low concentrations of surfactant caused cell lysis. These results suggest that the cell surface hydrophobicity in B. fragilis plays an important role in the efficient transmembrane penetration of hydrophobic compounds. This efficiency explains the susceptibility of B. fragilis to hydrophobic antimicrobial agents.  相似文献   
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张世文  卜中原  沈强  杨邵文  胡青青  周妍  罗明 《生态学报》2019,39(23):8920-8929
遵循“防源、控流、治汇”理念,以粤北南岭大宝山矿区作为风险源,以所在流域为研究区,分析研究区主要阻力因素,采用最小累积阻力模型建立区域生态阻力面;利用Jenks自然断点法,分析生态修复优先级,提出分区治理重点和对策。研究结果表明:研究区综合阻力系数处于9-32之间,各评价指标的阻力面空间分布格局相似,其阻力值呈现出东南部大,西北部小的空间格局;长期的矿业开采污染了流域生态环境,且距离矿区越近的区域生态修复的优先性越高。将研究区分为4个优先级区,各区修复优先性依次为Ⅰ区 > Ⅱ区 > Ⅲ区 > Ⅳ区。Ⅰ区重点在于治水,提高pH、降低重金属有效态含量和增加地表植被覆盖度。Ⅱ区重点在于河流治理与治土,确保污染减排,增强拦泥库的废水调节。Ⅲ区、Ⅳ区核心在治土,逐步改善土壤条件。研究结果为修复项目在时空尺度上落地和科学治理提供科学依据。  相似文献   
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