Shifting abundances of communities associated with nitrogen cycling in soils promoted by sugarcane harvest systems

Sugarcane cultivation supports Brazil as one of the largest world sugar and ethanol producer. In order to understand the impact of changing sugarcane harvest from manual to mechanized harvest, we studied the effect of machinery traffic on soil and consequently soil compaction upon soil microbial communities involved in nitrogen cycling. The impact of sugarcane harvest was dependent on soil depth and texture. At deeper soil layers, mechanized harvesting increases the abundance of nitrogen fixers and denitrifying communities (specifically nosZ clade I and II) while manual harvesting increases the abundance of ammonia oxidizers (specifically AOA) and increases denitrifying communities (nosZ clade I and II) on top and at intermediate depth. The effect of change on the harvest system is more evident on sandy soil than on clay soil, where soil indicators of compaction (bulk density and penetration resistance) were negatively correlated with soil microorganisms associated with the nitrogen cycle. Our results point to connections between soil compaction and N transformations in sugarcane fields, besides naming biological variables to be used as proxies for alterations in soil structure.     

Transmission of the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans by collembolan Folsomia Candida (Collembola: Entomobryidae) and glasshouse sciarid Bradysia sp. (Diptera: Sciaridae)

Folsomia Candida was maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates precolonised by the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans for 3 yr but the sciarid Bradysia sp. survived for a maximum of only three generations. Collembolans and sciarid larvae from these cultures were able to transmit C. minitans to uninoculated PDA plates through the survival of spores in faecal pellets. Adult and larval sciarids also transmitted C. minitans from PDA culture to uninoculated PDA plates by contamination on the cuticle. In soil and sand both sciarids and collembolans were able to transmit C. minitans from C. m/m'tans-inoculated to uninoculated sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Inoculation of sclerotia with C. minitans enabled greater populations of larger collembolans to develop. In the glasshouse where C. minitans had been applied to the soil, one adult sciarid and four collembolans out of 70 and 101 insects collected respectively yielded C. minitans on placement onto PDA + Aureomycin.     

Evaluation of automated analysis of 15N and total N in plant material and soil

Simultaneous determination of ¹⁵N and total N using an automated nitrogen analyser interfaced to a continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (ANA-MS method) was evaluated. The coefficient of variation (CV) of repeated analyses of homogeneous standards and samples at natural abundance was lower than 0.1%. The CV of repeated analyses of ¹⁵N-labelled plant material and soil samples varied between 0.3% and 1.1%. The reproductibility of repeated total N analyses using the automated method was comparable to results obtained with a semi-micro Kjeldahl procedure. However, the automated method gave results which were 3% to 5% higher than those obtained with the Kjeldahl procedure. Since only small samples can be analysed, careful sample homogenization and fine grinding are very important. Evaluation of a diffusion method for preparing nitrate and ammonium in solution for automated ¹⁵N analysis showed that the recovery of inorganic N in the NH₃ trap was lower when the N was diffused from water than from 2 M KCl. The results also indicated that different proportions of the NO₃ ^- and the NH₄ ⁺ in aqueous solution were recovered in the trap after combined diffusion. The method is most suited for diffusing either NO₃ ^- or NH₄ ⁺ alone, but can be used for combined diffusion of the two ions.     

Salinity tolerance of three ostracode species (Crustacea:Ostracoda) of Iberian saline lakes

Laboratory experiments and field data were used to determine salinity tolerance limits of three ostracode species (Prionocypris aragonica, Eucypris mareotica and Heterocypris barbara) from Iberian saline lakes. Salinity tolerance appeared related to ionic composition and temperature. Implications for ostracode ecology and geographical distribution are evaluated.     

Marine and estuarine gradients — An overview

The Proceedings of the ECSA 21 symposium on Marine and Estuarine Gradients are reviewed. It is emphasised that this is probably the first time that a full set of papers on the tidal freshwater sections of estuaries has appeared. There is however some ambiguity in the terminology applied to such waters, and a more consistent terminology is proposed. In particular the estuary is defined as reaching upstream as far as the tidal limit, irrespective of salinity. A wide variety of gradients within estuaries and coastal waters are considered, but it is apparent that the crucial spatial gradients are based on salinity, oxygen and turbidity, and that many other gradients are co-variables with these parameters. Temperature is also important for temporal gradients.