红壤侵蚀裸地植被恢复及土壤有机碳对团聚体稳定性的影响

植被恢复后土壤有机质提高 ,可能提高土壤团聚体稳定性 ,从而增强土壤抗蚀性 ,防止土壤退化。研究目的 :(1 )模拟自然条件下土壤团聚体破碎机制 ,研究不同恢复植被下团聚体稳定性的变化 ;(2 )确定不同恢复植被下土壤有机碳的积累与团聚体稳定性的关系 ,以期理解侵蚀裸地植被恢复过程及土壤有机碳对土壤结构性质的贡献。供试土壤采为侵蚀裸地、恢复 1 4 a的胡枝子和樟树林地、30～ 40 a树龄的稀疏马尾松林地以及菜园地等 5种土地利用方式。研究结果表明快速湿润是团聚体破碎的主要机制 ,其团聚体稳定性 (NMWD)次序为 :快速湿润 <湿润震荡 <慢速湿润。不同恢复植被对团聚体稳定性影响也表现不同 ,在快速湿润中 ,马尾松 >菜园地 >胡枝子 >樟树、裸地。湿润震荡处理后 ,其稳定性顺序是 :菜园地、马尾松 >裸地 >樟树 >胡枝子。而在慢速湿润中不同植被影响不明显。小团聚体的稳定性显著高于大团聚体的稳定性。快速湿润和湿润震荡下土壤团聚体稳定性与有机碳含量呈显著正相关 (r=0 .82 **,r=0 .66*) ,但慢速湿润下其相关性很低 (r=0 .2 2 )。结果还表明与活性 Al2 O3 相比 ,活性 Fe2 O3 对团聚体稳定性作用更显著。土壤团聚体湿润破碎后 ,有机碳含量和 C/N比随着破碎团聚体粒级的增大而提高。研究结果说明植被#0;  

关于杉木林下植被对改良土壤性质效用的研究

为了防治连栽杉木人工地力衰退，本文重点论述通过间代，增大林内透光度，降低林分郁闭度，林下植被，改良土壤理、化性质和提高生物活性。研究结果表明：在郁闭度０．７以下的林分中，林下植被发育迅速，间代４－５ａ后，每公顷生物量可达到４－５ｔ，有交地提高了土壤中营养元素含量，增加了土壤中三大类微生物数量，并使微生物类群也发生了明显的变化，有效地维护和恢复了土壤功能。  

落叶松人工林土壤衰退趋势

落叶松人工林土壤衰退趋势＊阎德仁王晶莹杨茂仁（内蒙古林业科学研究院，呼和浩特０１００１０）ＴｅｎｄｅｎｃｙｏｆＳｏｉｌＤｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅＰｕｒｅＬａｒｃｈＰｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｓ．ＹａｎＤｅｒｅｎ，ＷａｎｇＪｉｎｇｙｉｎｇ，ＹａｎｇＭａｏ...  

退化红壤区植被恢复过程中灌木层主要种群的生态位特征

选择闽西典型退化红壤地区,对6个不同恢复阶段的封育马尾松群落灌木层主要种群的生态位特征进行了分析,结果表明,多数种群的生态位宽度较窄,对资源的利用不充分,生态位宽度较大的种群顺序与其重要值大小顺序存在一致性,同时种群间生态位重叠较为普遍,对资源的利用方式相对一致。这些结果与退化红壤区植被恢复过程中生境条件的变化密切相关,有助于理解植被恢复动态规律,指导运用人工措施以加快恢复进程。  

不同代数杉木林养分积累和分布的比较研究

在全国杉木中心产区，选择不同栽植代数（１、２、３代）、不同年龄阶段（５、１０、１５、２０）不同立地（１４、１６、１８地位指数）的杉木人工林，进行不同栽植代数杉木木养分积累和分布的比较研究，结果表明，栽值代数对杉木林养分积累和分布有较大影响。随栽植代数增加，杉木林乔木层养分积累及养分利用效率均呈逐代递减趋势，表现为３代〈２代〈１代，而林下植被养分积累呈逐代增加趋势，２、３代杉木层养分积累分别比１代下  

In-situ方法在研究退化土壤氮库时空变化中的应用

利用原状土连续就地取样(sequentialcoringandin-situexposure)方法研究了澜沧江流域典型退化土壤的氮库营养动态变化过程,监测了矿质氮在时间和空间上的释放与固定、淋失与植物吸收消耗。结果表明人为干扰影响土壤氮矿质化,导致氮固定、淋失,引起养分衰减退化。从阔叶林转变为果园、坡耕地、桉树林和针叶林,矿质氮60d内平均衰减分别为51.51,29.64,26.84,16.40mg·kg-1,变异程度依次为21.5%、11.0%、14.2%、8.3%,氮固定分别为15.45,8.51,13.90,0.00mg·kg-1,淋失量则坡耕地最大,达44.50mg·kg-1,其次是针叶林和桉树林地,分别为38.41和25.30mg·kg-1。植物对土壤氮的吸收消耗为果园>坡耕地作物>桉树林>针叶林>阔叶林,利用形态以硝态氮为主。  

Future benefits from biological nitrogen fixation: An ecological approach to agriculture

Strategies for the enhancement and exploitation of biological nitrogen fixation are assessed with attention to the likely timescales for realization of benefits in agriculture. Benefits arising from breeding of legumes for N₂-fixation and rhizobial strain selection have less potential to increase inputs of fixed N than alleviation of environmental stresses or changes in farming systems to include more legumes. Genetic engineering may result in substantial enhancement of N₂-fixation, particularly if the ability to fix N₂ is transferred to other crops but these are long-term goals. Immediate dramatic enhancements in inputs from N₂-fixation are possible simply by implementation of existing technical knowledge. Apart from the unfortunate political and economic barriers to the use of agricultural inputs, better communication between researchers and farmers is required to ensure proper focus of research and development of appropriate technologies. Legumes must be considered within the context of the farming systems within which they are grown and not in isolation. Proper integration of legumes requires a good understanding of the role of the legume within the system and a better understanding of the relative contributions of N sources and of the fates of fixed N.  

Bt水稻Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白表达的时间动态及其在水稻土中的降解

采用ELISA技术检测了Bt水稻克螟稻1号(KMD1)和克螟稻2号(KMD2)不同生育期茎和叶片中cry1Ab基因的表达水平,以及植株组织(茎和叶片)室内埋于不同稻田土壤中其Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解动态。结果表明,不论是KMD1还是KMD2,茎和叶片中cry1Ab基因的表达量为3.7～9.1μg/g鲜重,均以拔节期和孕穗期相对较低,灌浆初期显著升高,黄熟期又明显下降(但仍然维持在较高的表达量)。KMD1茎和叶片中Cry1Ab蛋白在3种水稻土即青紫泥田、黄松田和黄筋泥田中的降解,均以前期(处理后12d内)较快,但中后期明显较慢;处理后42d,这两种组织中的Cry1Ab残留量均稳定在μg级水平,分别仅有0.20～0.85μg/g干重和0.35～1.81μg/g干重。KMD1茎和叶片中Cry1Ab蛋白降解动态与土壤类型密切相关,青紫泥田中降解最快,黄筋泥田中次之,黄松田中最慢。淹水可加快土壤中茎和叶的腐解,从而促进其中Cry1Ab蛋白的降解。KMD2粉碎叶中Cry1Ab蛋白在有菌水稻土中的降解快于无菌土中,表明土壤微生物存在可加快Cry1Ab蛋白的降解。在各种土壤淹水与非淹水、灭菌与非灭菌处理条件下的Cry1Ab蛋白降解过程均可用指数方程进行拟合,算得其消减半衰期为2.2～11.6d不等。讨论了土壤类型、淹水等影响Cry1Ab蛋白降解的可能机制,认为土壤微生物是其中起关键作用的一个因子。  

The effect of parent material and soil development on nutrient cycling in temperate ecosystems

The parent material of a soil determines the original supply of those nutrient elements that are released by weathering and influences the balance between nutrient loss and retention. Organic acids and exudates produced by microorganisms and plants enhance the weathering of minerals and the release of nutrients. Nutrients may be stored in organic cycles or as ions adsorbed to clay and organic matter. Nutrients are lost mainly by leaching, both as dissolved ions and when associated with soluble organic components. Soil formation evidently affects these processes and modifies the environment at different depths as soil horizons develop. Strong interactions between mineral and organic colloids occur where most residues are added below ground, as in grasslands, or mixed with mineral soil by faunal activity, as in some forests. These systems tend to be nutrient conserving. The addition of organic residues to the soil surface often results in slow decomposition, the tie-up of many nutrients in biologically resistant humic materials, and the generation of organic acids that are active in leaching and chelation. These soils tend to lose nutrients by leaching and become strongly acidic with time. Leaching is strongest in uplands with net downward flows to deep water tables, and may be dampened or obviated in lowlands with strong upward fluxes due to artesian pressure or capillary rise from a water table that is close to the surface. Pedogenic features such as clayeyB horizons or duripans may alter water flow. Simonson's concepts that all basic soil-forming processes occur to some degree in all soils are critical to developing models describing soil formation and nutrient cycles.  

杉木拟赤杨混交林林分生产力及生态效应研究

 本文从林分结构、生物量、群落特征、生产力、培肥土壤、涵养水源及林内小气候等方面对不同混交模式的杉木拟赤杨混交林及其纯林进行的研究结果表明：杉木拟赤杨是具有较高生产力和协调种间关系能力的针阔混交树种。7年生3:1带状混交林蓄积量和生物量分别比杉木纯林提高7.24％和18.22％，同时混交林还表现出比杉木纯林更好的培肥土壤、涵养水源、改善林内小气候等生态功能。应用AHP法进行不同混交模式的综合选择结果表明：3:1杉木拟赤杨带状混交模式是值得南方林区大力推广的杉阔混交模式。