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1.
Polyploidy is a fundamental mechanism in evolution, but is hard to detect in taxa with agmatoploidy or aneuploidy. We tested whether a combination of chromosome counting, microsatellite analyses and flow cytometric measurements represents a suitable approach for the detection of basic chromosome numbers and ploidy in Kobresia (Cyperaceae). Chromosome counting resulted in 2n = 64 for Kobresia pygmaea and K. cercostachys, 2n = 58 and 64 for K. myosuroides, and 2n = 72 for K. simpliciuscula. We characterized eight microsatellite loci for K. pygmaea, which gave a maximum of four alleles per individual. Cross‐species amplification was tested in 26 congeneric species and, on average, six of eight loci amplified successfully. Using flow cytometry, we confirmed tetraploidy in K. pygmaea. Basic chromosome numbers and ploidy were inferred from chromosome counts and the maximum number of alleles per locus. We consider the basic numbers as x = 16 and 18, with irregularities derived from agmatoploidy and aneuploidy. Across all Kobresia taxa, ploidy ranged from diploid up to heptaploid. The combination of chromosome counts and microsatellite analyses is an ideal method for the determination of basic chromosome numbers and for inferring ploidy, and flow cytometry is a suitable tool for the identification of deviating cytotypes. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176 , 22–35.  相似文献   
2.
初小静  韩广轩 《生态学杂志》2015,26(10):2978-2990
湿地由于具有较高的初级生产力以及较低的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的潜在有效碳汇.虽然近年来中国湿地生态系统CO2交换过程及其影响机制研究取得了一系列进展,但尚缺乏对数据进行系统性整合分析.基于29篇文献的数据,对中国21个典型湿地植被净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(Reco)、总初级生产力(GPP)、NEE的光响应参数以及Reco的温度响应参数进行整合分析,并探讨了这些指标对温度与降雨的响应.结果表明: 年尺度上,气温和降雨量对NEE(R2=50%,R2=57% )、GPP(R2=60%,R2=50%)和Reco(R2=44%,R2=50%)均有显著影响(P<0.05).生长季尺度上,NEE (R2=50%)、GPP (R2=36%)和Reco(R2=19%)与气温呈显著相关(P<0.05);同时NEE(R2=33%)和GPP(R2=25%)也与降雨量呈显著相关(P<0.05),但Reco与降雨量的相关关系不显著(P>0.05).生长季降雨量与最大光合速率(Amax)之间呈显著相关 (P<0.01),但与表观量子产率(α)、白天生态系统呼吸速率(Reco,day)无显著相关(P>0.05).生长季气温对α、Amax和Reco, day均无显著影响(P>0.05).生态系统基础呼吸速率(Rref)与降雨量无显著相关(P>0.05),但是生态系统呼吸的温度敏感系数(Q10)与降雨量呈显著的线性负相关(P<0.05),同时气温对Q10(R2=0.35)、Rref(R2=0.46)均产生显著影响(P<0.05).  相似文献   
3.
茶园冬季乔木落叶的分解和矿质元素释放   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在我国南方存在着一种传统植茶方式——茶林复合生态系统,近年来人们已逐步认识到它在维持土壤肥力,抗御自然灾害和保证茶叶内质特性等方面的作用,然而对冬季乔木落叶分解和矿质元素释放的作用尚无报道。本文是对安徽省黄山市休宁县茶树-乌桕复合园和茶树-板栗复合园的冬季乔木落叶分解的研究,为全面认识茶林复合生态系统的性质提供依据。  相似文献   
4.
Food–web complexity often hinders disentangling functionally relevant aspects of food–web structure and its relationships to biodiversity. Here, we present a theoretical framework to evaluate food–web complexity in terms of biodiversity. Food network unfolding is a theoretical method to transform a complex food web into a linear food chain based on ecosystem processes. Based on this method, we can define three biodiversity indices, horizontal diversity (DH), vertical diversity (DV) and range diversity (DR), which are associated with the species diversity within each trophic level, diversity of trophic levels, and diversity in resource use, respectively. These indices are related to Shannon's diversity index (H′), where H′ = DH + DV ? DR. Application of the framework to three riverine macroinvertebrate communities revealed that D indices, calculated from biomass and stable isotope features, captured well the anthropogenic, seasonal, or other within‐site changes in food–web structures that could not be captured with H′ alone.  相似文献   
5.
Freshwater ecosystem service is essential to human’s survival and development. Many studies have documented the spatial differences in the supply and demand of ecosystem services and proposed the concept of ecosystem services flows. However, few studies characterize freshwater ecosystem service flow quantitatively. Therefore, our paper aims to quantify the effects of freshwater ecosystem service flow on downstream areas. We developed a freshwater ecosystem service flow model and applied it in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region, China, for the year of 2000, 2005, and 2010. We assessed the regional water security with an improved freshwater security index by integrating freshwater service provision, consumption and flow; and found that most areas of the BTH region (69.2%) were affected by upstream freshwater flows. The areas achieving water security in the region also expanded to 66.9%, 66.1%, and 71.3%, which were 6.4%, 6.8% and 5.7% increments compared to no-flow situation, in 2000, 2005 and 2010, respectively. Setting quota for human water consumption is suggested to further improve water security. These results highlight the need to fully understand the connections between distant freshwater ecosystem service provision and local freshwater ecosystem service consumption. This approach may also help managers to choose more sustainable strategies for critical freshwater resource management across different regions.  相似文献   
6.
应用CITYGREEN模型评估深圳市绿地净化空气与固碳释氧效益   总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12  
基于深圳市1990、1995、2000、2005年4a解译、分类的遥感影像,以ARCVIEW软件为平台,利用CITYGREEN模型中的净化空气和固碳释氧模块,计算深圳市1990、1995、2000、2005年4a的各景观生态功能区绿地系统的生态服务价值.研究表明:在净化空气方面,四年的生态服务价值依次为2039.42万元、3325.79万元、2025.2万元、2980.61万元,生态敏感型支持功能亚区的生态服务价值最高,依次为214.83万元、167.55万元、217.57万元、174.19万元,;在固碳释氧方面,4a的生态服务价值依次为446916万元、454994万元、447135万元、407771万元,生态协调区中的西部沿海农工协调亚区的生态服务价值最低,依次为556.85万元、951.59万元、535.21万元、690.53万元.反应出绿地系统是城市中重要的生态系统,具有显著的生态服务价值.深圳市各景观生态功能区绿地的生态服务价值的不平衡性与城市化进程相关.  相似文献   
7.
Granite‐derived soils are widespread in the farmland of Korea in general. In contrast, Jeju Island has mainly volcanic ash soils. Soils and weather condition in Jeju Island created a unique agricultural system. We identified the features of ground‐dwelling insects in farmlands of Jeju Island. This study was conducted in four areas (Samdal‐ri and Susan‐ri in Seogwipo city, and Dongmyeong‐ri and Suwon‐ri in Jeju city) in Jeju Island, Korea. Field surveys were carried out twice in summer (June) and autumn (September) in 2013. Ground‐dwelling insects were sampled quantitatively by using pitfall traps. As a result, in total 3322 individuals, 137 species, 48 families and 8 orders were investigated in farmlands of Jeju Island. Especially, members of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera accounted for a large proportion of ground‐dwelling insect communities. The numbers of species and individuals for major taxonomic groups showed significant regional and seasonal differences. This study implied that the seasonal and regional differences of ground‐dwelling insect communities were affected by surrounding land use patterns, life history patterns of each taxonomic group and farmland management.  相似文献   
8.
藻-菌生态系统代谢功能的生态学研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
在室内模拟条件下,研究了一些生态因子对藻-菌(A+B)生态系统代谢有机碳(C6H12O6)、NH3-N和无机磷(IP)的影响.研究结果表明,当藻-菌生态系统中藻(A)或菌(B)的起始数量一定时,其代谢C6H12O6的速率,随与之组合的B或A的起始数量增加(数量比则相应降低)而增加.在光照和黑暗条件下,A+B系统代谢上述3种营养物质的速率均有一定的差异.黑暗下C6H12O6的平均代谢速率较光照下高12.3%(P<0.05),IP和NH3-N的平均代谢速率则分别较光照下低14.4%(P<0.05)和16.2%(P<0.001).在A+B系统和A、B单培养物中,3种营养物质的代谢速率均随有机负荷量增加而增加,而且A+B系统的代谢速率分别高于单培养的A和B,其中NH3-N代谢尤为显著.文章还就生态系统结构与功能的关系问题进行了讨论.  相似文献   
9.
Nitrogen (N) resorption from senescing leaves is an important mechanism of N conservation for terrestrial plant species, but changes in N-resorption traits over wide-range and multi-level N addition gradients have not been well characterized. Here, a 3-year N addition experiment was conducted to determine the effects of N addition on N resorption of six temperate grassland species belonging to three different life-forms: Stipa krylovii Roshev. (grass), Cleistogenes squarrosa (T.) Keng (grass), Artemisia frigida Willd. (semishrub), Melissitus ruthenica C.W.Wang (semishrub and N-fixer), Potentilla acaulis L. (forb) and Allium bidentatum Fisch.ex Prokh. (forb). Generally, N concentrations in green leaves increased asymptotically for all species. N concentrations in senescent leaves for most species (5/6) also increased asymptotically, except that the N concentration in senescent leaves of A. bidentatum was independent of N addition. N-resorption efficiency decreased with increasing N addition level only for S. krylovii and A. frigida, while no clear responses were found for other species. These results suggest that long-term N fertilization increased N uptake and decreased N-resorption proficiency, but the effects on N-resorption efficiency were species-specific for different temperate grassland species in northern China. These inter-specific differences in N resorption may influence the positive feedback between species dominance and N availability and thus soil N cycling in the grassland ecosystem in this region.  相似文献   
10.
京津唐城市生态系统能值比较   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
宋豫秦  曹明兰  张力小 《生态学报》2009,29(11):5882-5890
运用能值(emergy)分析方法,以京津冀地区的北京、天津、唐山为研究对象,建立了复合生态系统与可持续发展的能值指标,对3个城市1991~2005年自然环境与社会经济可持续发展状况进行了比较分析.研究结果表明:1991~2005年期间,由于北京、天津的本地资源能值对经济发展的驱动力不足,城市发展对外部输入能值的依赖程度越来越高;北京、天津、唐山社会子系统的能值指标均呈上升趋势,城市居民生活水平和经济发展水平不断提高;北京经济子系统的各项指标均优于天津和唐山,但环境子系统和能值可持续指标体现出,北京的环境压力最大、可持续发展能力低于天津和唐山.在此分析基础上,对北京、天津、唐山的可持续发展提出了几点建议,为制定城市发展策略和产业调整提供科学依据.  相似文献   
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