Leaching requirement conceptual models for reactive salt

Accurate prediction of the leaching requirements (Lr) of crops and striving to attain them is essential for efficient irrigation water use. Solute modeling was extended to develop four Lr conceptual models that do not neglect solute reactions in the root-zone, surface evaporation, and the influence of immobile wetted pore space. The models were based on: (i) the water movement equation which included an exponential water-uptake function (-e) or the 40-30-20-10 water-uptake function (-4); (ii) the solute movement equation for a reactive salt of a linear reaction term (the Lrchem-e and Lrchem-4 models); or the employment of output (salinity of soil solution, EC vs concentration factor, CF) of the SAO comprehensive chemical model (the LrSAO-e and LrSAO-4 models); and (iii) the inclusion of an effective soil solution volume in the transport equations. The root-zone average relative effective soil solution volume νeff (L | L50, p) was of sigmoidal response to leaching fraction (L) with two adjustable parameters L50 and p; the root-zone average reduced retention coefficient decreased linearly with L; and salt concentration at soil surface was related to salt concentration of irrigation water (ECi) by the fraction of irrigation water that evaporated (∈). The resulted concentration profiles indicated the salt behaved as a conservative one down to a threshold depth (xs) below of which salt was retained and precipitated. The depth of the conservative-salt front, xs increased with L and the 40-30-20-10 water-uptake pattern overestimated the xs depth relative to the exponential pattern. Concentration profiles were integrated to compute the root-zone average salinity, which was converted to crop salt-tolerance threshold (AE). The four conceptual models were successfully calibrated using experimental AE/ECi vs. Lr data with the input parameter values: ς = 0.27, p = 1.44, L50 = 0.16, ω = 2, and ∈ = 0 or 0.1 for the exponential or the 40-30-20-10 pattern, respectively; where ς is relative root length parameter and ω is a weighing parameter. No significant difference existed between the four model correlations at the 0.05 level. The four models require ECi and AE of the crop as input for Lr prediction. Sensitivity analysis revealed predicted Lr was sensitive the least to error in ∈. For tolerant and moderately tolerant crops Lr was sensitive the most to ς, and for sensitive crops to L50 and p. Model verification and validation were discussed. In deriving the present Lr models, no osmotic adjustment was required and both the exponential and the 40-30-20-10 water uptake patterns were, equivalently, applicable. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于染色体置换系的普通野生稻耐盐性QTL定位

本研究分别利用SSR标记、InDel标记以及简化基因组测序技术对一套以普通野生稻为供体亲本,9311为受体亲本的染色体置换系进行基因型鉴定,并通过对其不同生育期的耐盐性鉴定,共发掘2个与发芽期耐盐相关的QTL,13个与苗期耐盐性相关的QTL。其中与苗期存活率相关的QTL qSSR5.1、苗期耐盐等级相关的QTL qSSG5.1均被定位于同一位点,该位点对苗期存活率、苗期耐盐等级均具有增效作用,贡献率分别为6.36%、8.13%。在此QTL内包含与非生物胁迫相关基因OsDi19-1。经序列比对发现,OsDi19-1启动子区域在两亲本间存在较大差异,且受到盐胁迫时该基因表达量上升。同时,鉴定出水稻芽期耐盐的优异种质资源CSSL72、苗期耐盐的优异种质资源CSSL23、CSSL153,为水稻育种中耐盐性的改良提供了新的种质资源。     

Interaction Effects of Citrus Rootstocks, Salinity and Tylenchulus semipenetrans Parasitism on Osmotically Active Ions

High densities of Tylenchulus semipenetrans and slow decline symptoms are dominant in citrus-producing areas with high salinity. Currently, no commercial citrus rootstock is both nematode-resistant and salt-tolerant. Interaction effects of citrus rootstocks, salinity and T. semipenetrans were evaluated for the partitioning of salinity ions (Cl and Na) and K in microplots. Treatments comprised six citrus rootstocks with wide ranges of salt tolerance, 0 and 3 mols NaCl + 0.25 mols CaCl₂ l⁻¹ water and 0 and 856 300 nematodes. At harvest, eight months after salinity treatments, the three–factor interaction was significant (P=0.05) for the alteration in the partitioning of salinity ions and K. Nematodes generally increased salinity ions in leaves and reduced salinity ions in roots and K in both leaves and roots. Thus, management of nematodes is critical in areas with salinity problems.     

红树DNA导入茄子获得耐盐性后代的研究

将海滩耐盐植物红树DNA经花粉管通道导入茄子,其后代在海滩试种,用海水直接浇灌,筛选出耐盐性转化株,约90%能开花结果,完成生长周期,并对其在盐胁迫下的生长情况、蒸腾速率、光合速率、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶酶活以及叶片气孔的电镜观察等进行了研究。实验结果表明,通过花粉管通道导入红树DNA培育的茄子,其耐盐能力明显增强 。     

大蒜耐盐愈伤组织变异系的选择研究

用含有0.1%、0.3%、0.7%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%NaCl的MS培养基,采用直接接种和逐级培养法,对5个不同生态型的大蒜品种进行耐盐愈伤组织细胞系的选择研究.结果表明:NaCl对大蒜外植体的出愈率有很大的影响,在0.7%的NaCl培养基上,已很难诱导出愈伤组织;愈伤组织直接在含有不同浓度NaCl培养基上选择表明,5个品种在低盐 <0.7% 胁迫下都有一定的耐盐性;经逐级耐盐选择后的愈伤组织,其耐盐能力有明显的提高;在1.0%的NaCl培养基上,5个品种愈伤组织的成活率在22.4%～38.8%之间,生长率测定表示发育良好;在1.5%和2.0%的NaCl培养基上也有部分愈伤组织成活,耐盐稳定性检验证明,此耐盐能力在一定时间内能够保持下去.     

Influence of boron and calcium on the tolerance to salinity of nitrogen-fixing pea plants

The effects of different levels of B (from 9.3 to 93 M B) and Ca (from 0.68 to 5.44 mM Ca) on plant development, nitrogen fixation, and mineral composition of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Argona) grown in symbiosis with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 and under salt stress, were analysed. The addition of extra B and extra Ca to the nutrient solution prevented the reduction caused by 75 mM NaCl of plant growth and the inhibition of nodulation and nitrogen fixation. The number of nodules recovered by the increase of Ca concentration at any B level, but only nodules developed at high B and high Ca concentrations could fix nitrogen. Addition of extra B and Ca during plant growth restored nodule organogenesis and structure, which was absolutely damaged by high salt. The increase in salt tolerance of symbiotic plants mediated by B and Ca can be co-related with the recovery of the contents of some nutrients. Salinity produced a decrease of B and Ca contents both in shoots and in nodulated roots, being increased by the supplement of both elements in the nutrient solution. Salinity also reduced the content in plants of other nutrients important for plant development and particularly for symbiotic nitrogen fixation, as K and Fe. A balanced nutrition of B and Ca (55.8 M B, 2.72 mM Ca) was able to counter-act the deficiency of these nutrients in salt-stressed plants, leading to a huge increase in salinity tolerance of symbiotic pea plants. The necessity of nutritional studies to successfully cultivate legumes in saline soils is discussed and proposed.     

细菌mtl-D朌基因的克隆及在转基因八里庄杨中的表达

运用ＰＣＲ方法克隆了大肠杆菌１－磷酸甘露醇脱氢酶（ｍｔｌ－Ｄ）基因,序列分析表明与已发表序列相比,除第 ４１６位密码子由 ＡＡＡ代替 ＣＡＴ、相应的氨基酸由 Ｌｙｓ代替 Ｈｉｓ外,其他部分均相同。该基因插入植物双元载体中,经土壤农杆菌介导导入八里庄杨［１］,经卡那霉素筛选后再经盐胁迫筛选获得一批较高耐盐性的转化植株,在附加 ０.６％ＮａＣｌ的培养基中生长良好,而对照在附加 ０．４％ ＮａＣｌ的培养基中不能存活。对转化植株进行的 ＰＣＲ检测、Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交,说明外源基因已整合到染色体上并且有转录。     

Zea mays L. amylacea from the Lluta Valley (Arica-Chile) tolerates salinity stress when high levels of boron are available

Elevated levels of boron occurring naturally in soil or irrigation waters are detrimental to many crops grown in agricultural regions of the world. If such levels of boron are accompanied by conditions of excessive salinity, as occurs in the Lluta valley in Northern Chile, the consequences can be drastic for crops. A variety of sweet corn from this valley (Zea mays L. amylacea) has arisen as a consequence of practiced seed selection, suggesting that it is extremely tolerant to high salt and boron levels. In the present study, seeds ofZea mays L. amylacea were collected in order to study their physiological mechanisms of tolerance to high levels of NaCl and boron. Concentrations of 100 and 430 mM NaCl and 20 and 40 mg kg⁻¹ boron were imposed as treatments. The plants did not exhibit symptoms of toxicity to either NaCl and boron during the 20 days of treatment. Na+ accumulation was substantial in roots, while boron was translocated to leaves. Boron alleviated the negative effect of salinity on tissue K+ and maintained membrane integrity. The higher values of water potential seem to be related to the capacity of this ecotype to maintain a better relative water content in leaves. Despite the fact that boron enhanced slightly the effect of salinity on CO₂ assimilation, no effect on photochemical parameters was observed in this ecotype. Osmotic adjustment allows this ecotype to survive in high saline soils; however the presence of boron makes this strategy unnecessary since boron contributed to the maintenance of cell wall elasticity.