盐渍化胁迫下油葵对土壤原油污染的适应性及其改良措施

为了探究植物在盐渍化胁迫下对原油污染的适应性及改良措施,本研究以油葵作为研究对象,进行了原油-氯化钠-脱硫石膏盆栽正交试验和煤渣-沸石-脱硫石膏-锯沫盆栽正交试验.结果表明: 在盐渍化条件下,随着原油浓度的增大,油葵幼苗株高相对生长率(RGR)、地上生物量RGR、根氮磷比均显著减小,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈先增加后显著降低的趋势;随着锯沫体积分数的加大,油葵株高RGR和地上生物量RGR均显著增加,SOD活性逐渐降低,说明锯沫在改良盐渍化原油污染土壤方面比煤渣、沸石和脱硫石膏效果显著.在盐渍化条件下,原油污染能够降低油葵幼苗的生长率,锯沫对改良原油污染有较好的效果.     

造纸废水灌溉对黄河三角洲盐碱地土壤酶活性的影响

造纸废水含有大量有机营养物质,经生物塘处理后灌溉退化滨海盐碱地可以有效改善土壤化学性质。分析了不同灌溉方式对土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、脱氢酶活性的影响。结果表明：在废水灌溉、清污轮灌和清水灌溉3种处理下,棉田土壤的脲酶、磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性均有显著提高;同样,清污轮灌模式下,轻度、中度及重度盐碱化土壤的脲酶、磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性也均有较显著的提高。较之棉田土壤和轻度盐碱化土壤,中度和重度盐碱化土壤酶活性的提高更为显著,具体表现为,与对照相比,中度盐碱化土壤的脲酶、磷酸酶以及脱氢酶活性分别提高了44.7%、15.6%、12.4%, 重度盐碱化土壤分别提高了823%、551%、320%。研究证明造纸废水灌溉不但可以提升退化盐碱地的土壤肥力,还可以显著提高退化盐碱地的土壤酶活性。     

盐渍化条件下土壤团聚体及其有机碳研究进展

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,对改善土壤结构和增加土壤固碳具有重要作用.盐渍化导致的特殊土壤性质,如高盐分离子(主要为Na+)浓度、低有机质含量和较差的微生物条件等因素,对团聚体的形成和稳定产生障碍作用,因此探讨盐渍化土壤团聚体特征更具有重要性和特殊性.滨海湿地和内陆盐渍化沼泽湿地是盐渍化生态系统的重要组成部分.本文...     

灌溉条件下苏打盐渍化土壤环境变化及其生物效应

研究区位于吉林省西部苏打盐渍化土壤分布集中区 ,从 1 991年开始 ,中国科学院长春地理研究所与吉林农业大学等单位合作 ,在该区长期开展以种稻为主的盐碱地综合治理研究 ,并建立了两个农业综合开发试验示范基地。研究发现 ,在水稻生长的中、晚期 ,赤枯病的发病率较高 ,水稻的茎、叶、稻壳表面出现大量褐色斑点 ,严重影响水稻的质量和产量 ,另外 ,不同的土壤质量及用水质量和用水条件 ,对水稻生长状况和赤枯病的发病情况有较大的影响。通过几年来对不同土壤、水环境条件下水稻不同生长阶段发育情况的定量监测和分析 ,认为水稻生长环境中高背…     

Inducible and constitutive mechanisms of salt stress resistance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Geum urbanum</Emphasis> L.

The avens (Geum urbanum L.) seedlings were grown for 6 weeks until the expansion of five to six leaves and then exposed to salinity shock (300 mM NaCl in the nutrient medium) or to a gradual (within 4 days) increase in NaCl concentration from 100 to 400 mM. The dynamics of stress-dependent accumulation of Na⁺, Cl^?, proline, and polyamines in leaves and roots was measured, together with activities of antioxidant enzymes, namely, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol-dependent peroxidase occurring in soluble, ionically bound, and covalently bound forms. It is shown that avens plants can adapt to gradual salinization by mobilizing stressinducible protective mechanisms (accumulation of proline and spermine) and by activating constitutive enzyme systems (SOD and peroxidase).     

Global plant-responding mechanisms to salt stress: physiological and molecular levels and implications in biotechnology

The increasing seriousness of salinization aggravates the food, population and environmental issues. Ameliorating the salt-resistance of plants especially the crops is the most effective measure to solve the worldwide problem. The salinity can cause damage to plants mainly from two aspects: hyperosmotic and hyperionic stresses leading to the restrain of growth and photosynthesis. To the adverse effects, the plants derive corresponding strategies including: ion regulation and compartmentalization, biosynthesis of compatible solutes, induction of antioxidant enzymes and plant hormones. With the development of molecular biology, our understanding of the molecular and physiology knowledge is becoming clearness. The complex signal transduction underlying the salt resistance is being illuminated brighter and clearer. The SOS pathway is the central of the cell signaling in salt stress. The accumulation of the compatible solutes and the activation of the antioxidant system are the effective measures for plants to enhance the salt resistance. How to make full use of our understanding to improve the output of crops is a huge challenge for us, yet the application of the genetic engineering makes this possible. In this review, we will discuss the influence of the salt stress and the response of the plants in detail expecting to provide a particular account for the plant resistance in molecular, physiological and transgenic fields.     

Estimation of soil algal biomass in salinized irrigation land: a comparison of culture dilution and chlorophyll a extraction methods

Two representative methods for quantitative estimation of soil algae, the culture dilution method and chlorophyll a extraction, were compared using soil samples collected from irrigation land in the flood plain of the River Ili, Kazakhstan, where the distribution of soil algae had been studied in the previous year. The estimate by the culture dilution method was almost the same as in the previous year, except for one site, which was enclosed by shrubs of sakusaul, Haloxylon aphyllum (Minkw.) Iljin. The important role of wind in transport of airborne algal cells was pointed out. There was a significant correlation (p<0.001) between the logarithm of the number of colonies by the culture dilution method andthe logarithm of the concentration of chlorophyll a, when data from all samples were analyzed. However, no significant correlation was observed with the data of cropland sites alone. Furthermore, the seasonal variations of both values at each site did not necessarily agree with each other. One reason for the inconsistency may have been the over estimation of chlorophyll a caused by inclusion of litter from vascular plants. Other reasons may relate to differences between the methodologies. The density of soil algae estimated by culture dilution reflects the algal biomass in a certain previous period of time. Therefore, it is suggested that the method is suitable for spatial, but not for seasonal studies. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.