The impacts of agricultural payments on groundwater quality: Spatial analysis on the case of Slovenia

The European Common Agricultural Policy still follows its primary goals, i.e. quality food at affordable prices and a decent standard of living for farmers, fifty years after its adoption. Moreover, this policy adapts to the changing needs of society and the new challenges, mostly preservation of the environment, nature and biodiversity in rural areas. Although the Common Agricultural Policy receives the largest share of European budget, the funds are decreasing over time, especially direct payments, which aim to provide basic income support to farmers in the European Union. On the other hand, agri-environmental payments are gaining importance. Policy decision-makers should be interested in the question of impacts of growing eco-conditionality of agricultural spending. New insights would help them to be successful in achieving the goals of sustainable agriculture. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impacts of production support payments and rural development payments on the quality of groundwater. We use the small EU country Slovenia as an example. The baseline indicators are the level of nitrates and pesticides in groundwater, while the impacts were estimated using spatial error model. The results show that direct payments, coupled subsidies and investment grants raise the level of pesticides in groundwater, but do not have any statistically significant impact on the level of nitrates in groundwater. Furthermore, we did not find any statistically significant effects of agri-environmental payments on decrease of groundwater pollution with nitrates. However, our findings revealed that agri-environmental payments are effective in reducing pesticides in groundwater, although only to a limited extent. These results imply a problem of insufficient targeting of agri-environmental measures on the one hand, and suggest that greening of direct payments is necessary and entirely justified.     

Chronobiological factors for compassion satisfaction and fatigue among ambulatory oncology caregivers

Primary caregivers for victims of chronic illness and or trauma experience both positive and negative emotional consequences. These are broadly classified as compassion satisfaction (CS) and compassion fatigue (CF). Because one of the components of CF, burnout, varies with chronotype and sleep quality, we assessed the influence of chronobiological features on the broader constructs of CS and CF. Responses from primary ambulatory care oncology staff working dayshifts were assessed for potential relationships of chronotype and sleep quality with CS and CF using the professional quality of life scale. These were analyzed further in a multivariate model that included personality and job satisfaction as cofactors. We found that sleep quality was a key contributor to CS development and CF reduction. Morningness was positively linked to CS, but the univariate association was masked in the multivariate model. Job satisfaction (contingent rewards, nature of work and operating procedures) heavily influenced CS and CF development. Agreeableness and openness showed positive correlations with CS and negative with burnout, while emotional stability was linked to reduced CF. While job satisfaction and personality predictably played roles in the development of CS and CF, sleep quality and chronotype contributed significantly to benefits and negative consequences of providing care.     

非小细胞肺癌术后并发乳糜胸对患者生活质量影响的研究

目的:探讨非小细胞肺癌术后并发乳糜胸对患者生活质量的影响。方法:采用生活质量测定量表(QLQ-C30)回顾性分析第四军医大学唐都医院胸外科自2013年至2016年中收治的1015例肺癌手术患者的生活质量,发生乳糜胸组记为A组,未发生乳糜胸组记为B组。对比术前和术后1、3、6和12个月的生活质量有无统计学差异。结果:(1)术后1月时,除了社会功能、便秘、腹泻以外,两组生活质量指标评分均显著低于术前,且B组均显著低于A组,有统计学差异(表3,P0.05)。在手术后3月及以后逐渐恢复,至12月时,各组指标与术前基本相同(表3,P0.05);(2)两组术后生活质量相比较,术后1、3月,除社会功能、便秘、腹泻以外,其余生活质量功能指标B组均显著优于A组,有统计学差异(表3,P0.05)。在手术后6月及以后,B组所有指标与A组无统计学差异(表3,P0.05)。结论:肺癌根治术后发生乳糜胸患者生活质量显著低于未发生乳糜胸患者,因此应合理选择手术方式,注意术中操作,降低乳糜胸发生率,提高肺癌患者术后的生活质量。     

Development of an epiphyte indicator of nutrient enrichment: A critical evaluation of observational and experimental studies

An extensive review of the literature describing epiphytes on submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), especially seagrasses, was conducted in order to evaluate the evidence for response of epiphyte metrics to increased nutrients. Evidence from field observational studies, together with laboratory and field mesocosm experiments, was assembled from the literature and evaluated for a hypothesized positive response to nutrient addition. There was general consistency in the results to confirm that elevated nutrients tended to increase the load of epiphytes on the surface of SAV, in the absence of other limiting factors. In spite of multiple sources of uncontrolled variation, positive relationships of epiphyte load to nutrient concentration or load (either nitrogen or phosphorus) often were observed along strong anthropogenic or natural nutrient gradients in coastal regions. Such response patterns may only be evident for parts of the year. Results from both mesocosm and field experiments also generally support the increase of epiphytes with increased nutrients, although outcomes from field experiments tended to be more variable. Relatively few studies with nutrient addition in mesocosms have been done with tropical or subtropical species, and more such controlled experiments would be helpful. Experimental duration influenced results, with more positive responses of epiphytes to nutrients at shorter durations in mesocosm experiments versus more positive responses at longer durations in field experiments. In the field, response of epiphyte biomass to nutrient additions was independent of climate zone. Mesograzer activity was a critical covariate for epiphyte response under experimental nutrient elevation, but the epiphyte response was highly dependent on factors such as grazer identity and density, as well as nutrient and ambient light levels. The balance of evidence suggests that epiphytes on SAV will be a useful indicator of persistent nutrient enhancement in many situations. Careful selection of appropriate temporal and spatial constraints for data collection, and concurrent evaluation of confounding factors will help increase the signal to noise ratio for this indicator.     

紫色土坡耕地土壤属性差异对耕层土壤质量的影响

坡耕地是一个区域最易发生水土流失的土地利用类型,其严重的水土流失、面源污染和耕层退化现象直接威胁着坡耕地持续利用以及当地粮食安全、生态安全;耕层土壤质量对自然因素和人为耕作活动的影响较为敏感。以南方3个地点紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤质量为研究对象,从土壤属性角度,对比分析了重庆合川、江西兴国、云南楚雄不同耕层垂直深度土壤养分特征、土壤物理性质、土壤水库特征、耕作性能差异性及其形成原因。结果表明:(1)坡耕地耕层土壤有机质表现为云南楚雄(28.80g/kg)江西兴国(9.03 g/kg)重庆合川(8.80 g/kg);除全钾含量外,土壤全量养分和速效养分的含量表现为云南楚雄江西兴国重庆合川;坡耕地耕层速效养分垂直分布变化规律基本一致,主要表现为土壤速效养分主要在0—20 cm土层富集,而20—40 cm和40—60 cm土层无显著差异。(2)不同地点紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤物理性质差异明显,以重庆合川坡耕地土壤物理质量最差,表现为土壤砂粒含量60%、土壤容重最大(1.43 g/cm3)、土壤总孔隙度(45.97%)和毛管孔隙度(34.36%)最小;从坡耕地耕层土壤物理性质垂直变化特征看,耕作层(0—20 cm)优于心土层(20—40 cm)和底土层(40—60 cm)。(3)紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤初始入渗率以江西兴国坡耕地耕层最大(0.32 mm/min),而以重庆合川坡耕地耕层最小(0.19 mm/min);土壤稳定入渗率和平均入渗率均表现为云南楚雄重庆合川江西兴国;坡耕地耕层土壤最大有效库容以云南楚雄最好(873.311 t/hm~2),说明云南楚雄紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤具有较好的抵御季节性干旱能力;不同地点坡耕地耕层土壤总库容、死库容、兴利库容、滞洪库容、最大有效库容在垂直方向变化表现为耕作层(0—20 cm)大于心土层(20—40 cm)和底土层(40—60 cm)。(4)不同地点紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤抗剪强度和贯入阻力均呈现出相同变化规律,土壤抗剪强度表现为重庆合川(15.39 kg/cm~2)云南楚雄(14.74 kg/cm~2)江西兴国(10.66 kg/cm~2),而土壤贯入阻力值为重庆合川(424.83 k Pa)云南楚雄(252.50 k Pa)江西兴国(188.87 k Pa),这种土壤力学性能的变化说明重庆合川紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤具有较好抵抗剪切破坏的能力和较大耕作阻力。上述研究结果可为不同地点紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤质量诊断、坡耕地合理耕层评价提供理论依据和数据支持。     

Exposure of Gambian children to Anopheles gambiae malaria vectors in an irrigated rice production area

Abstract. Variation in exposure of children to malaria vectors of the Anopheles gambiae complex was recorded in a Gambian village situated near an irrigated area of rice cultivation. Observations were made in 1987 and 1988 during two dry seasons, when pumped water was used to grow rice, and two rainy seasons, when rice was produced using a combination of irrigated and rainfed paddies. Routine collections of mosquitoes were made from under bednets. Most of these specimens were assumed to have fed on the occupants of the net and thus represented a crude measure of exposure to malaria. Most nets in the village were in good condition, but even these were a poor defence against blood-seeking mosquitoes. Two annual peaks in the numbers of An. gambiae s.l. corresponded with the irrigation of rice paddies in the dry and wet seasons. When there were few vectors in the village the frequency distribution of mosquitoes caught under nets was described best by a Poisson process. When high numbers were present the daily distributions were over-dispersed and fitted a negative binomial model. The spatial distribution of mosquitoes varied between dry and wet seasons and was related to the predominant wind direction at night, suggesting that wind assisted the dispersal of mosquitoes from their breeding sites. For individual children in the rainy season, increased exposure to malaria vectors was associated with living adjacent to a mosquito breeding site, being resident in larger compounds, having open eaves in the house, a store-room adjacent to the bedroom, the absence of a ceiling in the bedroom, the absence of wood smoke indoors and leaving the bednet untucked at night. In the dry season a high level of exposure was associated with living close to a mosquito breeding site, having an unfenced compound, sleeping in a room without a ceiling and using insecticide aerosols. These observations demonstrate that within a village there are systematic and persistent differences in the level of exposure to malaria parasites experienced by individual children.     

Digital breast tomosynthesis: Dose and image quality assessment

The aim of this work was to evaluate how different acquisition geometries and reconstruction parameters affect the performance of four digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) systems (Senographe Essential – GE, Mammomat Inspiration – Siemens, Selenia Dimensions – Hologic and Amulet Innovality – Fujifilm) on the basis of a physical characterization.Average Glandular Dose (AGD) and image quality parameters such as in-plane/in-depth resolution, signal difference to noise ratio (SDNR) and artefact spread function (ASF) were examined.Measured AGD values resulted below EUREF limits for 2D imaging. A large variability was recorded among the investigated systems: the mean dose ratio DBT/2D ranged between 1.1 and 1.9.In-plane resolution was in the range: 2.2 mm⁻¹–3.8 mm⁻¹ in chest wall-nipple direction. A worse resolution was found for all devices in tube travel direction.In-depth resolution improved with increasing scan angle but was also affected by the choice of reconstruction and post-processing algorithms. The highest z-resolution was provided by Siemens (50°, FWHM = 2.3 mm) followed by GE (25°, FWHM = 2.8 mm), while the Fujifilm HR showed the lowest one, despite its wide scan angle (40°, FWHM = 4.1 mm).The ASF was dependent on scan angle: smaller range systems showed wider ASF curves; however a clear relationship was not found between scan angle and ASF, due to the different post processing and reconstruction algorithms.SDNR analysis, performed on Fujifilm system, demonstrated that pixel binning improves detectability for a fixed dose/projection.In conclusion, we provide a performance comparison among four DBT systems under a clinical acquisition mode.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy elements by Armadillidium vulgare (Crustacea,Isopoda) exposed to fallout of a municipal solid waste landfill

This paper reports the response of isopods exposed to fallout of a municipal solid waste landfill located in central Italy. Soil samples and specimens of Armadillidium vulgare were collected at different distances from the landfill and analyzed to determine the concentrations of heavy elements such as As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, V and Zn. The isopod analysis was performed on unpurged and purged specimens. Analytical data indicate that the soil contents of heavy elements were quite uniform and within the respective local geochemical background. Slight enrichments of Cu and Pb were found in some soils collected within the solid waste. Purged isopods showed an accumulation of As, Co, Cr, Ni, Sb and V whose body levels decreased as the distance from the landfill increased. Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations in purged specimens were rather uniform and no significant variation trend occurred. This result probably was due to the fact that the isopods are provided with physiological mechanisms of regulation for these heavy elements. Analytical data also indicate the ability of A. vulgare to adsorb differently the heavy elements according to the following order: As > Co > Ni > Pb > V. The contents of heavy elements in unpurged specimens were higher than in purged ones. This finding suggested that the defecation has marked effects on the tissue levels of heavy elements in isopods. This study indicates that the isopods provide useful information about environmental quality in areas characterized by low and discontinuous emission of heavy elements and their low accumulation in soil.     

The response of phytoplankton community to anthropogenic pressure gradient in the coastal waters of the eastern Adriatic Sea

In order to test the response of phytoplankton to anthropogenic pressure, data of chlorophyll a concentration, phytoplankton abundance, and composition are analyzed in relation to anthropogenic pressure gradient and environmental variables such as temperature, salinity and nutrients. Investigated sites encompassed wide tropic range according to a preliminary determination of anthropogenic pressure, quantified through the LUSI index. Statistical analyses indicated nitrates and silicates as proxies of freshwater influence, and phytoplankton single metrics such as concentrations of chlorophyll a and abundances as indicators of anthropogenic pressure. Boundary values for different water quality classes for coastal waters under indirect freshwater influence (Type II) are obtained according to gradient between concentration of chlorophyll a and pressure index (LUSI), which empirically fit to exponential equation. The response of phytoplankton diversity was not linear, as the highest diversity was observed in the area with intermediate disturbance level. CCA analysis identified Skeletonema marinoii, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Guinardia flaccida, Leptocylindrus spp., Prorocentrum spp., Proboscia alata, Eutreptiella spp., and Pseudonitzschia spp. as local eutrophication indicators, whose abundances increased with nutrients loads.     

Assessment of Data Quality: Errors of Measurement and Errors of Process

As projects progress from pilot studies with few simple variables and small samples, the research process as a whole becomes qualitatively more complex and subject to an array of contamination by errors and mistakes. Data usually undergo a series of manipulations (e.g., recording, computer entry, transmission) prior to final statistical analysis. The process, then, consists of numerous operations only ending with eventual statistical analysis and write-up. We present a means of estimating the impact of process error in the same terms as psychometric reliability and discuss the implications for reducing the impact of errors on overall data quality.