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1.
微生物残体在土壤有机质的形成和稳定过程中发挥着重要作用,但湿地开垦对土壤微生物残体积累特征的影响尚不清楚。本研究以三江平原小叶章湿地为对象,采集原始自然湿地和开垦改种豆科作物后不同耕作年限(5年、10年和25年)的土壤,以氨基糖为微生物残体的标识物,探讨湿地开垦对土壤微生物残体积累特征的影响。结果表明: 自然湿地开垦为农田后显著降低了土壤中氨基糖的含量,且随着开垦年限的增加,氨基糖的损失比例也增加。与自然湿地相比,开垦25年后土壤中的氨基葡萄糖、氨基半乳糖和胞壁酸含量分别下降38.0%、38.1%和35.9%,且在开垦最初5年中细菌来源的胞壁酸下降速率(25.8%)远高于真菌来源的氨基葡萄糖(14.9%),说明短期内湿地开垦对细菌的影响较真菌更加迅速。湿地开垦为农田5、15和25年后,土壤氨基糖总量分别下降21.1%、34.0%和38.0%;同时,氨基糖总量占土壤有机质的比例也受到湿地开垦的显著影响,由自然湿地中的4.8%降至开垦25年后的4.4%。这说明长期湿地开垦加速了土壤有机质中微生物来源有机组分的分解转化,进而改变土壤有机质的组成。这些变化将影响湿地生态系统中土壤有机质的长期稳定和功能演变。 相似文献
2.
Mining in the arctic amplifies restoration challenges due to inherent environmental conditions by removing soil, vegetation, and the propagule bank, adding coarse textured wastes with low water holding capacity and nutrients, and introducing salt and metal contamination. Short‐term reclamation focuses on rebuilding soil and providing rapid native plant cover for erosion control, supporting longer term reestablishment of ecological processes for sustainable tundra communities that provide essential wildlife habitat. This study evaluated methods to restore soil and plant communities 5 years after implementation of treatments at a diamond mine in the Canadian arctic. Five substrates including mine waste materials (processed kimberlite, glacial till, gravel, and mixes), four amendments (inorganic fertilizer, salvaged soil, sewage sludge, and water treatment sludge), five native species seed mixes and natural recovery were investigated. Soil and plant response were assessed annually. Soil chemistry was ameliorated with time. Chromium, cobalt, and nickel concentrations in processed kimberlite remained high and potentially toxic to plants. Adding fine textured materials such as glacial till to mine wastes improved nutrient and water retention, which in turn enhanced revegetation. Sewage and inorganic fertilizer increased available nitrogen and phosphorus, plant density and cover. Soil amendment increased species richness. Seeding was essential to establish a vegetation cover. After 5 years, seed mix composition and diversity had no effect on plant community development; soil and plant community properties among treatments changed considerably, providing evidence that restoration in the arctic is dynamic yet slow and success cannot be determined in the short term. 相似文献
3.
Comparison of Organic and Chemical Soil Amendments Used in the Reforestation of a Harsh Sierra Nevada Site 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
R. F. Walker 《Restoration Ecology》2003,11(4):466-474
Abstract A comparison of a composted organic amendment, a controlled‐release fertilizer, and induced mycorrhizal inoculation as affecting the establishment and nutrition of bareroot Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) was conducted on a Sierra Nevada surface mine. The soil amendments were applied at outplanting to the backfill of augered planting holes, with a low rate of 8 g and a high rate of 16 g per seedling for the fertilizer, Gromax 21‐6‐2 + Minors, whereas a single rate of 2.0 L was used for organic matter. Colonization by Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch was induced by coating the root systems with basidiospores suspended in a gel carrier. The organic amendment especially, but also mycorrhizal inoculation, caused substantial seedling mortality, whereas survival was unaffected by controlled‐release fertilization. Gromax applied at the high rate produced a 74% increase in shoot volume after three growing seasons, whereas the organic amendment reduced volume by 28%. Growth was unaffected by mycorrhizal treatment. The growth response to the 16‐g Gromax application probably reflected enhanced N, P, and K nutrition and decreased concentrations of potentially toxic metallic elements, including Mn and Al among others, as revealed through foliar analysis. Because they were accompanied by growth reduction, nutritional responses to the organic amendment, which involved both macronutrients and trace elements, were of little consequence. Impaired water relations may account for the poor response to this amendment. Likewise, nutritional responses to mycorrhizal inoculation produced no discernible benefit in terms of seedling performance. An inoculation procedure that failed to induce substantially greater P. tinctorius colonization in inoculated than uninoculated seedlings, and that may have also impaired water relations, likely explains this result. Overall, these findings indicate that further research is needed before either the organic amendment or the mycorrhizal inoculation procedure used here can be used in forest restoration efforts on dry sites. 相似文献
4.
Soil Algae in Brown Coal and Lignite Post-Mining Areas in Central Europe (Czech Republic and Germany) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Alena Lukeová 《Restoration Ecology》2001,9(4):341-350
Algal communities were investigated in two contrasting chronosequences established on reclaimed spoils in the west Bohemian brown coal mining district near Sokolov (Czech Republic) and in the Lusatian lignite mining district near Cottbus (Germany). The Sokolov chronosequence was characterized by tertiary cypric clay substrate, afforestation with Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., and high pH of deposited spoil material, Cottbus chronosequence by tertiary carboniferous and pyritic sand of extremely low pH ameliorated by fly ash, and afforestation with Pinus sylvestris L. and P. nigra Arnold. A total of 122 species of algae was found in both areas. Although the same species number (80) was identified from Sokolov and Cottbus, both proportion of individual algal groups and species composition were different. Green algae prevailed in both areas, but in Sokolov cyanobacteria and diatoms were also quite diverse, and in younger sites they were also abundant. Total abundance of algae ranged mostly between 104–107 cells/g dry soil, and was one order higher in Cottbus than in Sokolov. Species number was high in young sites, decreased with increasing age, and was the lowest in control forests. In Sokolov, the highest abundance was recorded in the youngest alder plantation. In Cottbus, sludge and compost fertilization used in the youngest pine plantations resulted in rapid formation of visible algal crusts dominated by Klebsormidium crenulatum (Kütz) Lokhorst. 相似文献
5.
Possible amelioration of coastal soil salinity using halotolerant nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
A brackish-water, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena torulosa, could successfully grow and fix nitrogen on moderately saline Kharland soils (soil conductivity 5 to 8.50 dS m-1), typical of Indian coastline. During five weeks of growth under laboratory as well as field conditions, the cyanobacterium exhibited high rates of nitrogen fixation and substantially enriched the nitrogen status of saline soils (43-76%), although the fixed nitrogen remained confined to the cyanobacterial biomass. Most (>90%) of the cell-bound Na+ remained extracellularly trapped in the mucopolysaccharide sheath of A. torulosa; traces of the cation that permeated cyanobacterial cells were found to exist in an osmotically active, free state. No evidence was found for the incorporation of Na+ into any biomolecule, especialty proteins or carbohydrates. Therefore, permanent removal of Na+ from saline soils using cyanobacteria may not be possible, since Na+ is released back into the soil subsequent to the death and decay of cyanobacteria. Removal of top soil containing cyanobacterial mats significantly decreased the soil salinity (between 26-38%). But such a practice removes all the fixed nitrogen and carbon and also does not seem feasible on a large scale. Amelioration of soil salinity by simultaneous application of A. torulosa during crop growth seems to be an attractive possibility, especially since it can also supplement the nitrogen requirement of the crop. 相似文献
6.
Restoring the flooding‐related disturbance regime by removing and setting back flood defenses (channel widening) is the most efficient strategy for recovering riparian plant communities in floodplains formerly impacted by human activities such as agriculture, mining, and forestry. Removing flood defenses is generally not socially accepted, and alternative recovery strategies must be explored. We assessed vegetation establishment on 33 sites in the floodplains of the Middle Ebro River and three of its tributaries (NE Spain) where restoration approaches applied in the last 20 years include channel widening, floodplain excavation, and abandonment of agriculture, gravel extraction, and hybrid poplar plantations, with and without plantation of native species. Using analysis of similarity and ordinations, we found that channel widening led to plant communities closely resembling those found on natural gravel bars, including new recruits of keystone tree species. Excavation of the floodplain as the restoration approach resulted in pioneer, non‐strictly riparian communities. Abandonment of agricultural land or clearing of poplar plantations resulted in alternative stable states predominating, regardless of time elapsed since restoration and whether poles of native species were planted. However, forest‐like communities relatively similar to mature, natural riparian references were attainable when hybrid poplars were allowed to resprout after clear‐cutting, or after the human activities were abandoned and trees were not cut. Combining channel widening and assisted revegetation where flood defenses cannot be altered may partially reproduce a mosaic of habitats typical of natural floodplains. 相似文献
7.
鄱阳湖湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物群落功能多样性 总被引:23,自引:6,他引:17
于2011年5月分别采集鄱阳湖围垦92、48a和38a的水稻田,退田还湖25a的退耕地以及自然湿地共5个样地的表层土壤,利用Biolog-ECO板技术对土壤微生物群落的单一碳源利用情况进行了测定,并结合群落指数和主成分分析(PCA)对培养72 h土壤微生物群落功能多样性变化进行了分析。结果表明:退耕地和自然湿地土壤微生物群落利用31种碳源的能力较强,来自不同围垦年限的土壤微生物群落利用碳源能力均较弱;且随围垦时间的增长,土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力呈降低的趋势。自然湿地、退耕地与围垦92、38a样地土壤之间存在显著的微生物功能多样性差异;围垦对土壤微生物代谢糖类、羧酸类、氨基酸类物质的影响最为明显。结果提示,围垦改变了湿地土壤微生物群落结构,退田还湖有助于湿地土壤微生物群落结构的恢复。 相似文献
8.
Biological properties of soil are not only essential for the maintenance of soil fertility and the sustainability of the plant-soil ecosystems, but also indicators of land reclamation of contaminated or disturbed soils. This experiment involves two plants (barley and field pea) growing in four soils with different hydrocarbon contents. The objective was to study the effect of hydrocarbons on plant growth and microbial activity, and to evaluate the acid phosphatase activity as an indicator of reclamation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. Barley root mass decreased with the increase of the hydrocarbon content but field pea roots were not sensitive to the hydrocarbon content in this experiment. The hydrocarbon contamination reduced the plant growth but increased the microbial activity. The acid phosphatase activity was controlled by both plant root production and microbial activity, therefore it was not a good indicator of the reclamation of oil-contaminated soils. 相似文献
9.
自1980年代后期以来,青藏高原持续变暖趋势明显,且增温幅度高于我国其他地区。基于遥感数据和种植适宜性模型的一些研究表明,该地区足够的农业热量资源增加了适宜耕种土地的面积,为农牧民的开垦行为创造了有利的条件。然而,对农牧民是否开垦以及开垦原因的实证研究,以及农牧民如何平衡气候变化带来的开垦机遇、风险和人口压力,仍然缺少认识。以青藏高原的3个典型产粮区域("一江两河"地区、河湟谷地、壤塘县)为研究区,利用605户农户家庭调研数据,分析了影响农牧民开垦行为的影响因素。计量结果表明,农牧民感知冬季持续时间的整体变化趋势、家庭总人口、抚养比与农牧民开垦行为呈显著正相关关系;农牧民感知降水的整体变化趋势、人均打工年收入、户主受教育水平、是否借贷、居住地距集镇距离与农牧民开垦行为呈显著负相关关系。随着城镇化的不断加快,农牧民对非农工作的认可度越来越高,加之政府的管制,使得开垦现象并不普遍。由于农牧民的开垦对青藏高原的生态环境极有可能造成不可逆的负面影响,应该提供更多的非农就业机会,促进农业集约化,加强监管,以降低开垦的可能性。 相似文献
10.
基于生态系统服务评价的围填海区域景观生态红线划分方法及应用研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以围填海活动为代表的高强度的人类开发利用方式从根本上改变了海岸带地区的自然属性,区域生态环境发生了深刻变化。定位于我国大陆沿海的围填海区域,通过人机交互目视解译的方法获取我国大陆沿海围填海区域的矢量数据,基于围填海活动影响下海岸带区域的景观类型和生态系统服务变化的评估结果,识别我国海岸带的生态脆弱区和重点保护区,提出围填海区域景观生态红线的划分方法。通过分析可知:(1)围填海区域景观生态红线区呈现出"总体分散、局部集中"的的分布特点;(2)景观生态红线区主要分布在人工湿地和残存自然湿地中。围填海区域是进行海陆统筹研究的关键区域,而景观生态红线作为识别其重要生态功能区,并进行二次保护和抢救性保护的有效手段,将为我国海岸带生态管理提供新思路和新方法。 相似文献