The first record of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in Germany

Oriental weatherfish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus , from southern China, have been imported to Germany in large numbers for the garden pond trade. The first record of M. anguillicaudatus from Central Europe, a population that has been established for at least 14 years in a small nature reserve in Germany, is detailed.     

New records for prehistoric introduction of Neotropical mammals to the West Indies: evidence from Carriacou,Lesser Antilles

Aim This paper investigates the prehistoric introduction of five mammalian taxa to Carriacou (Lesser Antilles) and refines the known anthropogenic ranges for these fauna in the pre‐Columbian West Indies. The importance of such records for understanding the region’s historical biogeography and ecology is considered. Location Carriacou Island, Grenada (12°28′ N, 61°26′ W). Methods Zooarchaeological assemblages from Carriacou’s earliest documented prehistoric sites, Grand Bay and Sabazan, were analysed, and exotic taxa were identified and quantified. The timing of introductions was established based on multiple radiocarbon assays, including three new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) direct dates obtained on the bone of exotic taxa. Source species and location(s) are considered and compared with known prehistoric records for the Caribbean to synthesize anthropogenic distributions for the pre‐Columbian period. The contexts of the zooarchaeological remains are evaluated to better understand the nature and purpose of introductions. Results Zooarchaeological investigation on Carriacou reveals the occurrence of multiple mammal introductions from South American between c. ad 700 and ad 1400. This paper presents the first records for guinea pig (Cavia sp.), armadillo (Dasypus sp.), peccary (Tayassu/Pecari sp.), opossum (Didelphis sp.) and agouti (Dasyprocta sp.) from the island. Human‐mediated transport of these taxa is indicated by their absence from the record prior to human settlement of Carriacou. Several translocated species are either rare or entirely unknown for the region, and overall West Indian distributions are temporally and spatially discontinuous. Archaeological contexts indicate that mammalian introductions arose from human subsistence needs, but other social factors may have shaped the dispersal of these fauna. Main conclusions The taxonomic combination and richness of Carriacou’s introduced fauna are unusual within the region. Importantly, the new records significantly improve the known pre‐Columbian geographic range for peccary, guinea pig and armadillo. Integrated with regional records, these data augment our understanding of the Caribbean’s historical biogeography, and have the potential to improve our understanding of human mobility and anthropogenic environmental impacts in the West Indies prior to the arrival of Europeans.     

Disentangling invasion processes in a dynamic shipping-boating network

The relative importance of multiple vectors to the initial establishment, spread and population dynamics of invasive species remains poorly understood. This study used molecular methods to clarify the roles of commercial shipping and recreational boating in the invasion by the cosmopolitan tunicate, Botryllus schlosseri. We evaluated (i) single vs. multiple introduction scenarios, (ii) the relative importance of shipping and boating to primary introductions, (iii) the interaction between these vectors for spread (i.e. the presence of a shipping-boating network) and (iv) the role of boating in determining population similarity. Tunicates were sampled from 26 populations along the Nova Scotia, Canada, coast that were exposed to either shipping (i.e. ports) or boating (i.e. marinas) activities. A total of 874 individuals (c. 30 per population) from five ports and 21 marinas was collected and analysed using both mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) and 10 nuclear microsatellite markers. The geographical location of multiple hotspot populations indicates that multiple invasions have occurred in Nova Scotia. A loss of genetic diversity from port to marina populations suggests a stronger influence of ships than recreational boats on primary coastal introductions. Population genetic similarity analysis reveals a dependence of marina populations on those that had been previously established in ports. Empirical data on marina connectivity because of boating better explains patterns in population similarities than does natural spread. We conclude that frequent primary introductions arise by ships and that secondary spread occurs gradually thereafter around individual ports, facilitated by recreational boating.     

Analyse,en olfactomètre tabulaire,de l'influence de différents stimulus olfactifs dans la recherche du partenaire sexuel par Zabrotes subfasciatus

Pour rechercher son partenaire sexuel Zabrotes subfasciatus doit utiliser les signaux olfactifs émis soit par les mâles ou par les femelles. Le pouvoir attractif de l'odeur des mâles et des femelles sont donc étudiés et comparés par olfactométrie. Le comportement de mâles et de femelles vierges et inséminées, mis en contact des graines de la plante hôte ou non, est observé en fonction de l'âge des imagos. En aucun cas, les odeurs des mâles n'exercent une attraction sur les femelles. Les femelles vierges en absence de graines de haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris) n'exercent pas d'attraction sur les mâles vierges. Par contre les odeurs des femelles vierges mises en contact avec les graines de haricot sont très attractives pour les mâles vierges et varie en fonction de l'âge: il est plus affirmé chez les femelles plus âgées. L'émission de la phéromone sexuelle est interrompue après l'insémination des femelles mais reprend au bout d'un certain temps après celle-ci.     

木薯良种——“南植188”引种试验研究

本文报道木薯良种——“南植188”引种试验结果。在桂林地区种植“南植188”品种表现长势好,结薯早且多,薯肥大等丰产性能。产量明显高于本地品种,淀粉含量高,纤维素和氢氰酸含量低,是一个有发展前途的高产优质品种。     

Biochemical and biophysical characterization of collagen in Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)

The collagen from the mesenteric sheath of the tenebrionid insect Tenebrio molitor was extracted by limited pepsin digestion and purified. This collagen was characterized using CM-cellulose chromatography, sodium-dodecylsulfate disc-gel electrophoresis and aminoacid analysis. This molecule was found to be assembled from three identical alpha chains and could be represented by the formula (alpha) 3. The amino acid composition is characteristic of collagen (one-third glycine, high iminoacid content), with high content of hydroxylysine and low content of alanine. Cyanogen bromide digests of these chains indicated that they are not related to any of the known invertebrate or vertebrate chains of interstitial collagens. The molecular weight (M = 280000D) and length (290 nm) were typical, and the banding patterns of the segment-long-spacing crystallites (SLS) and of the reconstitued fibrils were very similar to type I collagen. The denaturation temperature (Td) was 30.7 degrees C and correlated with the total pyrrolidine content as observed in other collagens (von Hippel & Wong's relation). It was concluded that the collagen from this insect showed the classical biochemical and biophysical features of other invertebrate interstitial "primitive" collagens.     

Introduction dans le Sud-Est de la france d'un parasite:Pauesia cedrobii [Hym.: Aphidiidae] du puceron:Cedrobium laportei [Hom.: Lachnidae] du cèdre de l'atlas:Cedrus atlantica

Résumé Le parasitePauesia cedrobii Stary et Leclant, spécifique du puceron du CèdreCedrobium laportei Remaudière, a été récolté dans le Moyen-Atlas, (Maroc) puis introduit dans un peuplement de cèdre (Cedrus atlantica Manetti) du sud-est de la France au printemps 1981. La méthode utilisée a consisté en une introduction directe des parasites, préalablement isolés sur le lieu de récolte (momies) puis mis à éclore en chambre climatisée de fa?on à éliminer les hyperparasites. Après accouplement, 225 adultes ont été introduits dans des manchons installés sur des rameaux abritant des colonies deC. laportei. L'évolution des populations de l'h?te et du parasite a été suivie au niveau des points de lacher d'une part, et dans la parcelle d'autre part. L'installation définitive du parasite dans la parcelle s'est produite, 1 an après le lacher, grace à un automne et à un hiver particulièrement doux, qui ont favorisé la multiplication de l'h?te. Le parasite est définitivement implanté: il est encore présent 4 années après le lacher. Entre temps, il a été étendu à d'autres forêts de cèdre du sud-est de la France. Huit espèces d'hyperparasites autochtones se sont portés surP. cedrobii, mais ceci ne remet pas en cause la réussite de l'introduction de l'aphidiide. Avec la collaboration technique deE. Robert, A. Chalon, J. Chizky.     

Insects on isolated colonies of common rock-rose Helianthemum chamaecistus

ABSTRACT.

• 1 A study was made of the insect species present on twenty-eight colonies of H.chamaecistus Mill, in 1978 ranging in size (cover) from 0.4 m² to about 6500 m² and separated from nearest large neighbours by distances up to 6.5 km. Twenty-three insect species were collected of which nine or ten were more or less monophagous.
• 2 There was a clear relationship between species richness and size of host colony. Sites with less than 30 m² of rock-rose, about 67% of those in the study area, were likely to have less than half of the monophagous species. Distance to neighbouring colonies did not contribute significantly to species richness.
• 3 The consistency of results from year to year was examined at five sites re-sampled in 1979. The 1978 data were also used to compare‘expected’and observed faunas at five new sites sampled in 1979 based upon the species-area relationship and the relative frequency of species at known sites.
• 4 Insect dispersal was examined using a suction trap placed near the largest rock-rose site. Colonization of new sites was studied by experimental outplanting of pot-grown plants.
• 5 These direct observations, and the monitoring of fourteen sites for 5 years, suggested that colonization and interchange of faunas were rare events. The experimental introduction of one to five species at four sites showed in several cases that the sites were suitable for the species, and that introduction could significantly enhance a site's complement.

     

农业生态系统中新物种引进的初步探讨

在现有的农业生态系统中,引进某些新物种,往往可以使整个系统的功能发生变化。如果新物种引进得当,则可产生良好的效果,系统功能得以改善,效益提高;反之,则会造成人力、物力、财力的损失,削弱系统的功能,甚至可能遗患无穷。因此,对农业生态系统中     

桑白蚧的重要寄生蜂——桑白蚧恩蚜小蜂的鉴别与利用

桑白蚧恩蚜小蜂Encarsia(=Prospaltella)berlesel(Howard)是寄生桑白蚧Pseudaulacaspls pentagona(Targioni-Tozzctti)的重要寄生蜂,许多国家进行了引进移植,对控制桑白蚧的为害取得明显的成效．本记述了桑白蚧恩蚜小蜂形态特征的鉴别。以及各国引进利用的概况．并讨论了利用寄生蜂防治桑白蚧的重要性．