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1.
Successful implementation of the Water Framework Directive and achieving its objective of good ecological status of all water bodies depend on the power of the set of monitoring indicators to capture the change in the ecological status of aquatic systems. In this context, testing the robustness and sensitivity of ecological indicators currently used for assessing the status of lotic water bodies is instrumental for the adaptation and further development of assessment methods. This is also a prerequisite for an effective, context-based monitoring system and for improving the quality of the decision making for water bodies. This is particularly challenging in regions where the sets of indicators are under development, the data series are relatively short and data which addresses the individual error sources are lacking. Here we show that hierarchical clusters and ordination analysis provide appropriate tools with which the validity of the ecological status of water bodies set up based on biological multimetric monitoring indices in a small water basin could be tested. We hypothesize that robust and informative monitoring methods classify all water bodies belonging to a single ordination grouping in the same quality class (high, good, moderate, poor or bad). In our case study multimetric biological indicators failed to discriminate between the good and moderate ecological status. Community structure as well as water conductivity and nitrate load were primarily responsible for the observed difference between ordination groupings. Inconsistencies shown in our case study are likely to be induced by insufficient refinement of monitoring schemes and by the constraints existing in the data series and available metadata. We show that multiplication of indicators leads to discrepant interpretation and problematic application. Proposed ordination analysis proves to be a simple and useful tool to detect such discrepancies and support further progress in indicator development. Integrated and longer data and metadata series are needed to refine context-based monitoring methods. 相似文献
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Osmotic stress decreases complexity underlying the electrophysiological dynamic in soybean 下载免费PDF全文
- Studies on plant electrophysiology are mostly focused on specific traits of single cells. Inspired by the complexity of the signalling network in plants, and by analogy with neurons in human brains, we sought evidence of high complexity in the electrical dynamics of plant signalling and a likely relationship with environmental cues.
- An EEG‐like standard protocol was adopted for high‐resolution measurements of the electrical signal in Glycine max seedlings. The signals were continuously recorded in the same plants before and after osmotic stimuli with a ?2 MPa mannitol solution. Non‐linear time series analyses methods were used as follows: auto‐correlation and cross‐correlation function, power spectra density function, and complexity of the time series estimated as Approximate Entropy (ApEn).
- Using Approximate Entropy analysis we found that the level of temporal complexity of the electrical signals was affected by the environmental conditions, decreasing when the plant was subjected to a low osmotic potential. Electrical spikes observed only after stimuli followed a power law distribution, which is indicative of scale invariance.
- Our results suggest that changes in complexity of the electrical signals could be associated with water stress conditions in plants. We hypothesised that the power law distribution of the spikes could be explained by a self‐organised critical state (SOC) after osmotic stress.
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The usefulness of benthic multi-metric indices when assessing seafloor integrity across broad environmental gradients should be deliberated, as their lack of transparency might hide important sources of variation and fail to identify environmental change. This study compares the performance of two multi-metric indices; the Benthic Quality Index (BQI) and the Brackish water Benthic Index (BBI) between three sub-basins in the Baltic Sea. Both indices reflect the salinity-driven gradient in macroinvertebrate diversity and composition as well as changes in bottom water oxygen concentrations. The relative contribution of predictor variables for explaining index variation does, however, differ between sub-basins, resulting in the indices representing different aspects of the benthic community along the environmental gradient. This context-dependency is caused by inherent differences in benthic community characteristics between the sub-basins of the Baltic Sea, and how the communities are portrayed by the indices. An increased transparency of the importance of the different predictors for directing index values is needed for coherent classifications over broad environmental gradients, such as those occurring in large estuarine water bodies. Use of a weight of evidence table to combine multiple indicators would preserve transparency and be more likely to provide a robust assessment method that would detect seafloor degradation at an early stage. 相似文献
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Self‐Assembled BiFeO3‐ε‐Fe2O3 Vertical Heteroepitaxy for Visible Light Photoelectrochemistry 下载免费PDF全文
Le Thi Quynh Chien Nguyen Van Yugandhar Bitla Jhih‐Wei Chen Thi Hien Do Wen‐Yen Tzeng Sheng‐Chieh Liao Kai‐An Tsai Yi‐Chun Chen Chun‐Lin Wu Chih‐Huang Lai Chih‐Wei Luo Yung‐Jung Hsu Ying‐Hao Chu 《Liver Transplantation》2016,6(18)
Self‐assembled vertical heterostructure with a high interface‐to‐volume ratio offers tremendous opportunities to realize intriguing properties and advanced modulation of functionalities. Here, a heterostructure composed of two visible‐light photocatalysts, BiFeO3 (BFO) and ε‐Fe2O3 (ε‐FO), is designed to investigate its photoelectrochemical performance. The structural characterization of the BFO‐FO heterostructures confirms the phase separation with BFO nanopillars embedded in the ε‐FO matrix. The investigation of band structure of the heterojunction suggests the assistance of photoexcited carrier separation, leading to an enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. The insights into the charge separation are further revealed by means of ultrafast dynamics and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies. This work shows a delicate design of the self‐assembled vertical heteroepitaxy by taking advantage of the intimate contact between two phases that can lead to a tunable charge interaction, providing a new configuration for the optimization of photoelectrochemical cell. 相似文献
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基于效益分摊的水电水足迹计算方法——以密云水库为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着中国经济的飞速发展,可再生能源的开发利用已经被提到重要的议事日程,其中水力发电是重中之重。但水力发电过程也消耗大量的水资源,使得水电水足迹的核算成为当前水足迹研究热点。多功能水库同时具有发电、供水、防洪、旅游、水产等多种生态系统服务功能。传统水足迹核算方法往往将水库的水足迹等同于水电水足迹,忽略了水库的多功能性,因而高估了水电的水足迹。对传统水电水足迹的核算方法进行了改进,考虑到水库不同的生态系统服务功能,加入了水电效益分摊系数这一指标,将水电水足迹从水库水足迹中分离出来。以华北最大水库北京密云水库为例,采用传统的方法和改进的方法计算了密云水库1988—2004年水电水足迹。研究结果显示:倘若不考虑效益分摊,按照传统的方法,密云水库1988—2004年平均水电水足迹为897 m3/GJ;按照效益分摊的方法计算得到的平均水电水足迹为127 m3/GJ,仅为不考虑效益分摊情况下计算的水电水足迹的14%。水力发电是密云水库初期建设的主要目的,但自1998年之后发电量逐年减少,近年来基本不发电。传统方法下的2004年单位水电水足迹为4529.5 m3/GJ,为单位水电水足迹最大的年份;但应用改进方法后该年的单位水电水足迹仅为67.3 m3/GJ,反而成为单位水电水足迹最大的年份。考虑效益分摊更能够体现水电水足迹的真实情况,为多功能水库水电水足迹核算提供了新的思路和方法。 相似文献