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1.
猕猴桃品种果实性状特征和主成分分析研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为深入了解猕猴桃不同品种(系)的果实性状与其倍性的相关性,本研究对国家猕猴桃种质资源圃保存的44个栽培品种(系)进行了果实性状分析,结果表明,44个栽培品种(系)的果实性状具有丰富的遗传多样性并且果实重量、果面毛被、果肉颜色和质地、果实维生素C含量、果实后熟天数和软熟果硬度、果实成熟期等与品种(系)倍性呈显著相关。对相关性状采用主成分分析表明,果实成熟时间、果肉质地、果面毛被和果实后熟天数、果肉颜色是区分品种(系)的主要特征。由于品种(系)的倍性与主要性状特征关联,品种(系)按倍性相对聚类,且二倍体品种(系)群和六倍体品种(系)群间无重叠,而四倍体品种(系)群与相邻的二倍体和六倍体品种(系)群均有一定重叠。  相似文献   
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原生质体电融合酵母多倍体生理特性的研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
对原生质体电融合技术获得的11株酵母多倍体融合株,进行了一系列生理特性的分析比较.结果发现,在电融合过程中,融合株的细胞体积及DNA含量并不随着核倍性呈线性递增.而是有其特殊的变化规律。当糖化酵母sta1、sta2和sta3在细胞核中各自纯合时,明显表现出表达的剂量效应。其中sta1、sta2纯合的融合株.在YEPS培养中,GA分泌可被淀粉大量诱导,表现出一定的二次生长特性。从分析结果推测,在亲株5301-14D及HU-TY—1A中可能有对GA分泌不利的因素。  相似文献   
4.
Summary The occurrence of 2n pollen-producing plants was investigated in 187 plant introductions (PIs) of 38 wild species of tuber-bearing Solanum. These 2x, 4x, and 6x species are from Mexico, and Central and South America. The determination of 2n pollen-producing plants was conducted using acetocarmine glycerol. Plants with more than 1% large-size pollen were regarded as 2n pollen-producing plants. 2n pollen-producing plants were identified in the following species: 10 out of 12 Mexican 2x species, seven of nine South American 2x species, seven of seven Mexican and Central American 4x species, five of five South American 4x species, and five of five Mexican 6x species. The frequency of 2n pollen-producing plants varied among species at the same ploidy level, but the range of frequency, generally between 2 and 10% among species, was similar over different ploidy levels. The general occurrence of 2n pollen in both 2x and polyploid species, which are evolutionarily related, is evidence that the mode of polyploidization in tuber-bearing Solanums is sexual polyploidization. Furthermore, the frequencies of 2n pollen-producing plants in autogamous disomic polyploid species were not markably different from those of their related diploid species. It is thought that the frequent occurrence of 2n gametes with autogamy tends to disturb the fertility and consequently reduce fitness of polyploids. Thus, we propose that the breeding behavior of polyploids and the occurrence of 2n gametes may be genetically balanced in order to conserve high fitness in polyploid species in tuberbearing Solanum.Paper No. 3114 from the Laboratory of Genetics. Research supported by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; International Potato Center; USDA, SEA, CGRO 84-CRCR-1-1389; and Frito Lay, Inc.  相似文献   
5.
Switchgrass is a large, North American, perennial grass that is being evaluated as a potential energy crop. There is a need to assess genetic diversity in stored accessions and in remaining native stands to assist breeding and conservation efforts. Marker development will also be necessary for genetic linkage mapping. Toward this end, 32 switchgrass genic di‐, tri‐ and tetranucleotide repeat microsatellites were identified from expressed sequence tags (ESTs). These microsatellites were used to screen individuals from two different named cultivars. The markers displayed a high level of polymorphism consistent with the tetraploid, allogamous behaviour of the cultivars tested.  相似文献   
6.
胡秀  吴福川  刘念 《广西植物》2011,31(2):175-180
采用压片法对中国姜花属十八个分类群进行了体细胞染色体计数,对白姜花减数分裂终变期I的染色体数目和形态进行了观察。结果显示:包括白姜花在内的十九个分类群中有六个二倍体,一个三倍体,十二个四倍体,其中十二个分类群的体染色体数目为首次报道,显示中国姜花属植物具有较高比例的多倍体类型;姜花属的染色体基数为n=17,染色体组可能是多倍体起源的。  相似文献   
7.
Most plant species are recent or ancient polyploids (displaying at least one round of genome duplication in their history). Cultivated species (e.g. wheat, cotton, canola, sugarcane, coffee) and invasive species are often relatively recent polyploids, and frequently of hybrid origin (i.e. allopolyploids). Despite the genetic bottleneck occurring during the allopolyploid speciation process, the formation of such species from two divergent lineages leads to fixed heterozygosity decisive to their success. New phenotypes and new niche occupation are usually associated with this mode of speciation, as a result of both genomic rearrangements and gene expression changes of different magnitudes depending on the different polyploid species investigated. These gene expression changes affecting newly formed polyploid species may result from various, interconnected mechanisms, including (i) functional interactions between the homoeologous copies and between their products, that are reunited in the same nucleus and cell; (ii) the fate of duplicated copies, selective pressure on one of the parental copy being released which could lead to gene loss, pseudogenization, or alternatively, to subfunctionalization or neofunctionalization; and (iii) epigenetic landscape changes that in turn affect gene expression. As one of the interrelated processes leading to epigenetic regulation of gene expression, the DNA methylation status of newly formed species appears to be consistently affected following both hybridization and genome doubling. In this issue, Verhoeven et al. have investigated the fate of DNA methylation patterns that could affect naturally occurring new asexual triploid lineages of dandelions. As a result of such a ploidy level change, the authors demonstrate stably transmitted DNA methylation changes leading to unique DNA methylation patterns in each newly formed lineage. Most studies published to date on plant DNA methylation polymorphism were performed using restriction enzymes sensitive to methylation. Recently, new high‐throughput methods were made available, thanks to the development of ‘next‐generation sequencing’ techniques. The combination of these methods offers powerful and promising tools to investigate epigenetic variation in both model and non‐model systems.  相似文献   
8.
In the loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus , very few diploid–triploid mosaic individuals, which are generated by accidental incorporation of the sperm nucleus into diploid eggs produced by clonal diploid loach, occur in nature. Ploidy examination of gynogenetic progeny induced by activation with ultraviolet-irradiated goldfish sperm indicated that diploid–triploid mosaic females laid haploid, diploid and triploid eggs, simultaneously. In addition, triploid eggs exhibited larger egg sizes. Microsatellite genotyping of diploid–triploid mosaics revealed that triploid genotypes of mosaic mothers possessed two alleles specific to the clonal diploid and one allele from normal diploid male. Diploid eggs from a mosaic mother had genotypes absolutely identical to the diploid clone. Most genotypes of triploid eggs were identical to the mosaic mother, and one of the three alleles of the mosaic mother was transmitted to haploid eggs. These results suggested that diploid germ cells, which had a clonal genome, were differentiated into clonal diploid eggs, and triploid and haploid eggs were produced from triploid germ cells in the same ovary of mosaic individuals.  相似文献   
9.
The phenotypic effect of increased cell size in polyploid angiosperms has been repeatedly described; the ecological consequences of the gigas effect are, however, relatively poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of cytotype, seed weight, and inter‐population variation on seedling germination and growth in diploid and autotetraploid Vicia cracca L. in a common garden experiment. Seeds used in this study originated in the contact zone of the cytotypes in Central Europe. Tetraploids had heavier seeds than diploids and greater germination rates irrespective of seed size. Both seed weight and germination rate displayed high inter‐population variation. Further, tetraploids seem to germinate earlier and deposit fewer reserves into the seed bank than diploids. Mean above‐ground biomass and seedling height were similar in the two cytotypes of V. cracca. Nonetheless, the tallest tetraploid seedlings were taller than the tallest diploid seedlings, which may be advantageous under strong competition in dense vegetation. This study thus demonstrates that tetraploids of V. cracca may have superior competitive ability to diploids in certain habitats. It also suggests the necessity of studying multiple populations per cytotype when comparing diploids and polyploids, as the effect of population may be of similar or even higher magnitude than the effect of cytotype. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113 , 57–73.  相似文献   
10.
In the context of the paradoxical ubiquity of sex, we tested whether stable coexistence of sexual and asexual fish of the genus Cobitis is mediated by parasites, as asexual fish suffer more from parasitic infections because of their lower genetic variability [the Red Queen hypothesis (RQH)], or by partial niche shift of the two strains differing in mode of reproduction. We did not find a clear correlation between infection risk with a helminth parasite and the proportion of sexuals, and we found similar infection rates among sexual females and co‐occurring asexuals in general, including the most frequent clone in particular. These results suggest that the mechanisms of the RQH are not directly engaged in stabilizing this asexual complex. On the other hand, the temporally stable gradient in sexual/asexual proportions along the river correlated with gradients in environmental parameters (physicochemical water parameters, velocity, and shading of the habitat) and turnover in the fish assemblage structure. Sexual and asexual forms thus appear to prefer different habitats. The Cobitis teania asexual complex thus contributes to the view that persistence of sex may, as in many taxa, be driven by case‐specific processes. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113 , 220–235.  相似文献   
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