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1.
Seyed Rasoul Hoseini Shahin Oustan Naser Aliasgharzad Norsatollah Najafi 《Soil & Sediment Contamination》2015,24(5):554-572
In this research, kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction by iron filings was investigated through a batch study in seven different soils. Chromate reduction experiments were carried out for initial Cr(VI) concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 mgkg?1 and iron filings dosage of 0 to 5% w/w. The experimental data were analyzed using various kinetic models including zero-order, pseudo first-order, power function, Elovich, and diffusion parabolic. Results showed that the Cr(VI) reduction efficiency in the presence of all studied soils increased with increasing iron filings dosage and decreased with increasing the initial Cr(VI) concentration. The reaction rates considerably depended on pH and were higher in acidic soils. The diffusion parabolic model was the best kinetic model as evidenced by the highest determination coefficient (r2) and the lowest standard error of the estimate (SE). The rate-limiting step(s) may be transport of chromate anions across a liquid film at the interface of soil-liquid, transport in liquid-filled macropores of iron filings aggregates, or diffusion in micropores and along the particle's surface. 相似文献
2.
A facile synthesis strategy to control the porosity of ionothermal nitrogen doped carbons is demonstrated. Adenine is used as cheap and biomass based precursor and a mixture of NaCl/ZnCl2 as combined solvent‐porogen. Variation of the ratio between the two salt influences the pore structure over a wide range. The eutectic mixture leads to micro‐ and mesoporous material with high total pore volume (TPV) of 3.0 cm3 g?1 and very high surface area of 2900 m2 g?1 essentially rendering the product an “all‐surface‐area” nitrogen doped carbon. Increasing NaCl contents cause a continuous increase of the mesopore size and the formation of additional macropores resulting in a very high maximal TPV of 5.2 cm3 g?1, showing 2540 m2 g?1 specific surface area using 60 mol% NaCl. Interestingly, the electrocatalytic activity of the samples toward oxygen reduction is strongly affected by the detailed pore structure. The different—however, chemically equivalent—catalysts vary up to 70 mV in their half wave potentials (E 1/2).The sample with optimized pore system shows a high selectivity toward the favored four electron process and an outstanding E 1/2 of ≈880 mV versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which is one of the best values reported for nitrogen doped carbons so far. 相似文献
3.
Madhavi Shah Chu-Ching Lin Ravi Kukkadapu Mark H. Engelhard Xiuhong Zhao Yanping Wang 《Geomicrobiology journal》2014,31(2):101-115
In this study, we cultivated from subsurface sediments an anaerobic clostridial consortium that was composed of a fermentative Fe-reducer Clostridium species (designated as strain FGH) and a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium belonging to the clostridia family Vellionellaceae (designated as strain RU4). In pure culture, Clostridium sp. strain FGH mediated the reductive dissolution/transformation of iron oxides during growth on peptone. When Clostridium sp. FGH was grown with strain RU4 on peptone, the rates of iron oxide reduction were significantly higher. Iron reduction by the consortium was mediated by multiple mechanisms, including biotic reduction by Clostridium sp. FGH and biotic/abiotic reactions involving biogenic sulfide formed by strain RU4. The Clostridium sp. FGH produced hydrogen during fermentation, and the presence of hydrogen inhibited growth and iron reduction activity. The sulfate-reducing partner strain RU4 was stimulated by the presence of H2and generated reactive sulfide which promoted the chemical reduction of the iron oxides. Characterization of Fe(II) mineral products showed the formation of nanoparticulate magnetite during ferrihydrite reduction, and the precipitation of iron sulfides during goethite and hematite reduction. The results suggest an important pathway for iron reduction and secondary mineralization by fermentative sulfate-reducing microbial consortia through syntrophy-driven biotic/abiotic reactions with biogenic sulfide.
Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Geomicrobiology Journal to view the supplemental file. 相似文献
4.
Hurricane Danny resulted in the rapid deposition of 10cm of oxidized, acidic sediment in the Contrary Creek arm of Lake Anna, Virginia. Several biological and geochemical parameters were monitored with time to ascertain how long it took the newly-deposited lake sediments to attain the anaerobic, circumneutral, actively sulfate-reducing state normally observed in this portion of the lake. The sediment platinum-electrode potential dropped from 350 mV to 100 mV within the first week after the storm. The pH of the pore water increased from 4.5 to 5.8 within three weeks, and titratable alkalinity was detected within two weeks and three weeks at 3 cm and 1 cm depths, respectively. Accumulation of reduced products of sulfate reduction (acid volatile sulfide) began by three to four weeks after the storm event. Both methanogens and sulfate reducers were present in high and approximately equal numbers in the freshly deposited material. The rapid neutralization of the acidity in the fresh sediment prior to the onset of sulfate reduction suggests that reactions other than sulfate reduction caused the initial increase in pH and alkalinity in this system. 相似文献
5.
Anaerobic growth on elemental sulfur using dissimilar iron reduction by autotrophic Thiobacillus ferrooxidans 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Abstract Anaerobic growth on elemental sulfur using dissimilar iron reduction by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans has been demonstrated. The ferric ion reducing activity (FIR) of the anaerobic cells was double that of the aerobic cells. Significant differences in inhibition of FIR by respiratory inhibitors were observed between aerobic and anaerobic cells. A higher amount of cytochrome was detected in anaerobic cells compared to aerobic cells. Absorption minima developed with the addition of ferric sulfate in the dithionite reduced cell suspension demonstrated that the ferric ion could accept electrons from the cytochrome system of this bacterium. The possibility of two different electron transport chains in ferric ion reduction is discussed. 相似文献
6.
稻田温室气体减排措施对稻米氨基酸含量的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为探索稻田中温室气体减排措施对稻米氨基酸含量的影响,用10个不同方法对双季稻田进行处理,并使用高效液相色谱分别测定了各处理稻田中所产稻米中的16种氨基酸的含量,其中色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax AAA分析柱,柱前衍生使用邻苯二甲醛(OPA)和9-芴甲基氯甲酸酯(FMOC-CL)为衍生试剂。结果发现:1)10个处理中的稻米16种氨基酸种类齐全,施氮肥+添加生物质炭48 t/hm2+间歇灌溉(NPK+HBC+IF)处理中所得氨基酸总量为6520.7 mg/100g,效果最佳;对照组处理(不施加氮肥+无稻草还田+间歇灌溉)所得氨基酸含量4338.0 mg/100g为最低。以对照组处理所得必需氨基酸百分含量36.8%为最高值;无稻草还田+长期淹水(NPK+CF)处理方法所得必需氨基酸百分含量33.1%为最低值。10个处理中16种氨基酸中含量较高的氨基酸均为天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和精氨酸,含量最低的均为甲硫氨酸;2)施氮肥量相同时,长期淹水与间歇灌溉相比,氨基酸总量增加185.1 mg/100g,非必需氨基酸百分含量增加3%,谷氨酸、组氨酸和丝氨酸含量明显升高,但亮氨酸含量显著降低;3)施用氮肥能提高稻米中的氨基酸含量,且随着氮肥使用量的增加,氨基酸含量也随之增加,组氨酸含量增加显著;4)供氮量相同时,添加猪粪使氨基酸总含量升高了286.0 mg/100g,此结果表明,在供氮量相同的情况下,施用猪粪更有利于稻米氨基酸含量的提高;5)灌溉模式相同时,稻草还田配施氮肥对必需氨基酸和氨基酸总量均有提高,天冬氨酸、谷氨酸和组氨酸的含量增加较多,甲硫氨酸含量略有下降;随着稻草还田量的增加,对非必需氨基酸影响较为明显;当稻草半量还田(还田量为3 t/hm2)时,稻米中氨基酸总量增加最多;稻草全量还田+长期淹水(NPK+HRS+CF)与稻草半量还田+间歇灌溉(NPK+LRS+IF)处理中的氨基酸含量基本接近,但必需氨基酸含量前者略高于后者,说明稻草还田与水肥管理对氨基酸含量影响可能存在交互作用;6)添加生物质炭配施氮肥提高了稻米必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量,且随着生物质炭添加量的增加而增加;与稻草还田、添加猪粪处理相比,生物质炭的添加对氨基酸总含量提升的效果最为显著,对稻田实际生产具有指导意义且具有一定的环境效益。 相似文献
7.
Observations on the behaviour of different life cycle stages, gamete fusions, and measurements of nuclear DNA contents in Cryptochlora perforans resulted in a first concept concerning life histories in Chlorarachniophyta: the life cycle of Cr. perforans is diplohaplontic (gamete fusion with karyogamy - mitosis - meiosis - mitosis). In the haploid as well as in the diploid life cycle phases amoeboid and coccoid stages occur. The isomorphic gametes are modified amoebae frequently without filopodia. Only haploid flagellate stages are known representing mito- or meiozoospores. Diploid coccoid stages have a granular cytoplasmic structure and may be somewhat larger than haploid ones. Nevertheless, positive identification of haploid (gametophytic) and diploid (sporophytic) stages is only possible on the basis of nuclear DNA contents. 相似文献
8.
The neutralization of acidic coal mine lakes by additions of natural organic matter: a mesocosm test
Cylindrical polyethylene enclosures 3 m in length and 1 m in diameter reaching from the surface to the bottom were constructed in an acid (pH=3.1) lake on a coal surface mine in southern Illinois. Wheat straw was added to the enclosures to test the effects of dissimilatory sulfate reduction on water chemistry. Added straw increased sulfide concentrations, raised pH to 6.5, reduced O2 and increased acid neutralizing capacity of the enclosed water columns when compared with a control enclosure and with the open lake. Generation of acid neutralizing capacity exceeded the standing stock of sulfide indicating that sulfide was removed either by precipitation of FeS or outgassing of H2S. The pH and acid neutralizing capacity within the enclosures eventually returned to the level of the surrounding lake because of water exchange around the enclosure walls. Our results show that additions of organic matter to acid surface mine lakes result in the generation of acid neutralizing capacity. 相似文献
9.
PurposeTo evaluate the use of pseudo-monoenergetic reconstructions (PMR) from dual-energy computed tomography, combined with the iterative metal artefact reduction (iMAR) method.MethodsPseudo-monoenergetic CT images were obtained using the dual-energy mode on the Siemens Somatom Definition AS scanner. A range of PMR combinations (70–130 keV) were used with and without iMAR. A Virtual Water™ phantom was used for quantitative assessment of error in the presence of high density materials: titanium, alloys 330 and 600. The absolute values of CT number differences (AD) and normalised standard deviations (NSD) were calculated for different phantom positions. Image quality was assessed using an anthropomorphic pelvic phantom with an embedded hip prosthesis. Image quality was scored blindly by five observers.ResultsAD and NSD values revealed differences in CT number errors between tested sets. AD and NSD were reduced in the vicinity of metal for images with iMAR (p < 0.001 for AD/NSD). For ROIs away from metal, with and without iMAR, 70 keV PMR and pCT AD values were lower than for the other reconstructions (p = 0.039). Similarly, iMAR NSD values measured away from metal were lower for 130 keV and 70 keV PMR (p = 0.002). Image quality scores were higher for 70 keV and 130 keV PMR with iMAR (p = 0.034).ConclusionThe use of 70 keV PMR with iMAR allows for significant metal artefact reduction and low CT number errors observed in the vicinity of dense materials. It is therefore an attractive alternative to high keV imaging when imaging patients with metallic implants, especially in the context of radiotherapy planning. 相似文献
10.
Oscillations in photosynthesis are initiated and supported by imbalances in the supply of ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Agu Laisk Katharina Siebke Ulvi Gerst Hillar Eichelmann Vello Oja Ulrich Heber 《Planta》1991,185(4):554-562
Oscillations in the rate of photosynthesis of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) leaves were induced by subjecting leaves, whose photosynthetic apparatus had been activated, to a sudden transition from darkness or low light to high-intensity illumination, or by transfering them in the light from air to an atmosphere containing saturating CO2. It was found that at the first maximum, light-and CO2-saturated photosynthesis can be much faster than steady-state photosynthesis. Both QA in the reaction center of PS II and P700 in the reaction center of PS I of the chloroplast electron-transport chain were more oxidized during the maxima of photosynthesis than during the minima. Maxima of P700 oxidation slightly preceded maxima in photosynthesis. During a transition from low to high irradiance, the assimilatory force FA, which was calculated from ratios of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to phosphoglycerate under the assumption that the reactions catalyzed by NADP-dependent glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase and triosephosphate isomerase are close to equilibrium, oscillated in parallel with photosynthesis. However, only one of its components, the calculated phosphorylation potential (ATP)/(ADP)(Pi), paralleled photosynthesis, whereas calculated NADPH/NADP ratios exhibited antiparallel behaviour. When photosynthetic oscillations were initiated by a transition from low to high CO2, the assimilatory force FA declined, was very low at the first minimum of photosynthesis and increased as photosynthesis rose to its second maximum. The observations indicate that the minima in photosynthesis are caused by lack of ATP. This leads to overreduction of the electron-transport chain which is indicated by the reduction of P700. During photosynthetic oscillations the chloroplast thylakoid system is unable to adjust the supply of ATP and NADPH rapidly to demand at the stoichiometric relationship required by the carbonreduction cycle.Abbreviations PGA
3-phosphoglycerate
- DHAP
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
- P700
electron-donor pigment in the reaction enter of PS I
- QA
quinone acceptor in the reaction center of PS II
This work received support from the Estonian Academy of Sciences, the Bavarian Ministry of Science and Art and the Sonderforschungsbereich 251 of the University of Würzburg. We are grateful for criticism by D.A. Walker, Robert Hill Institute, University of Sheffield, U.K. and by Mark Stitt, Institute of Botany, University of Heidelberg, FRG. 相似文献