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1.
Electrical impedance measurements made on white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, stems were related to shoot free sugar contents and to osmotic, turgor and water potential. During seasonal dormancy induction, there were commensurate increases in free sugar contents, osmotic potential at full turgor and impedance which resulted in linear relationships among these variables. When measured over the course of laboratory drying, impedance increased curvilinearly with decreasing relative water content. There was a linear increase in impedance with decreasing water potential, with a break point coincident with the turgor loss point, possibly attributed to disruption to current flow through broken plasmodesmatal connections between adjacent cells. This technique offers a non-destructive method to measure tissue free sugar content, and therefore, short- and long-term shifts in parameters historically derived from pressure-volume analysis.  相似文献   
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3.

Background and Aims

The effect of environmental factors on the regulation of aerenchyma formation in rice roots has been discussed for a long time, because aerenchyma is constitutively formed under aerated conditions. To elucidate this problem, a unique method has been developed that enables sensitive detection of differences in the development of aerenchyma under two different environmental conditions. The method is tested to determine whether aerenchyma development in rice roots is affected by osmotic stress.

Methods

To examine aerenchyma formation both with and without mannitol treatment in the same root, germinating rice (Oryza sativa) caryopses were sandwiched between two agar slabs, one of which contained 270 mm of mannitol. The roots were grown touching both slabs and were thereby exposed unilaterally to osmotic stress. As a non-invasive approach, refraction contrast X-ray computed tomography (CT) using a third-generation synchrotron facility, SPring-8 (Super photon ring 8 GeV, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute), was used to visualize the three-dimensional (3-D) intact structure of aerenchyma and its formation in situ in rice roots. The effects of unilateral mannitol treatment on the development of aerenchyma were quantitatively examined using conventional light microscopy.

Key Results

Structural continuity of aerenchyma was clearly visualized in 3-D in the primary root of rice and in situ using X-ray CT. Light microscopy and X-ray CT showed that the development of aerenchyma was promoted on the mannitol-treated side of the root. Detailed light microscopic analysis of cross-sections cut along the root axis from the tip to the basal region demonstrated that aerenchyma developed significantly closer to the root tip on the mannitol-treated side of the root.

Conclusions

Continuity of the aerenchyma along the rice root axis was morphologically demonstrated using X-ray CT. By using this ‘sandwich’ method it was shown that mannitol promoted aerenchyma formation in the primary roots of rice.  相似文献   
4.
【目的】从高产甘油生产菌株产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes)基因组中克隆了NAD+依赖3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶编码基因(CgGPD),但是该基因及其上游调控序列具体的功能还是未知的。本文研究了CgGPD基因及其上游调控序列的功能。【方法】本文以酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)及其渗透压敏感型突变株为宿主,构建3种不同的酵母表达载体导入酵母细胞,研究了不同酵母转化子在渗透压胁迫条件下CgGPD基因表达对细胞的耐高渗透压胁迫应答及其细胞的甘油合成能力的影响。【结果】实验结果表明无论是以来源于S. cerevisiae 的TPI启动子还是来源于CgGPD基因的启动子,过量表达CgGPD基因的转化子均能够显著加速葡萄糖消耗速度和提高甘油合成能力,在gpd1/gpd2突变株中表达CgGPD基因能够消除细胞对外界高渗透压的敏感性,同时转化子胞内甘油大量积累。【结论】CgGPD基因在野生型酵母S. cerevisiae W303-1A表达显著提高细胞的甘油合成能力,在gpd/1gpd2突变株中能够互补GPD1基因的功能,CgGPD基因表达受渗透压诱导 调控。  相似文献   
5.
Oxidative stress has been linked to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, the complication of diabetes in the kidney. NADPH oxidases of the Nox family, and in particular the homologue Nox4, are a major source of reactive oxygen species in the diabetic kidney and are critical mediators of redox signaling in glomerular and tubulointerstitial cells exposed to the diabetic milieu. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge related to the understanding of the role of Nox enzymes in the processes that control mesangial cell, podocyte and tubulointerstitial cell injury induced by hyperglycemia and other predominant factors enhanced in the diabetic milieu, including the renin-angiotensin system and transforming growth factor-β. The nature of the upstream modulators of Nox enzymes as well as the downstream targets of the Nox NADPH oxidases implicated in the propagation of the redox processes that alter renal biology in diabetes will be highlighted.  相似文献   
6.
濒危植物长叶红砂适应盐胁迫的生理生化机制研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以濒危盐生植物长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)幼苗为材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl溶液(0、100、200、300和400mmol/L)处理30d对其生长和生理生化指标的影响,以分析长叶红砂的耐盐生理机制。结果表明:(1)100和200mmol/L NaCl处理时,长叶红砂鲜重和干重均显著增加,但随着盐浓度继续增加,长叶红砂幼苗生长受到抑制,且地上部受到的抑制大于根部,显示长叶红砂适宜生长的NaCl浓度是200mmol/L。(2)随NaCl胁迫浓度的升高,长叶红砂的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)呈下降趋势,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈上升趋势,说明光合速率的下降使利用CO2的能力下降,胞间积累了大量的CO2,且盐处理浓度越高量越大。(3)随NaCl胁迫浓度的升高,长叶红砂幼苗Na+、Cl-含量增加,可溶性糖、脯氨酸、游离氨基酸及可溶性蛋白等有机渗透调节物质的合成增加。研究认为,长叶红砂是通过调节叶片Na+、Cl-以及有机渗透调节物质含量来提高其耐盐能力。  相似文献   
7.
丁俊祥  邹杰  唐立松  刘卫国 《生态学报》2015,35(16):5316-5323
对于田地区3种不同生境(沼泽、盐化沙丘过渡带和沙丘顶)芦苇的生长环境特征、光合特性、渗透调节及抗氧化系统的特征进行研究。结果表明:芦苇叶片的Pn日变化在沼泽生境呈单峰曲线,在盐化沙丘过渡带和沙丘顶部均为双峰曲线,光合"午休"现象明显,气孔导度降低是其主要原因。脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量随根区土壤水分减少和盐分加剧增加显著,其中可溶性糖含量变化剧烈,对抵御干旱和盐渍化危害的贡献较大。芦苇叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随干旱及盐分加剧增加显著,两者对水分亏缺的响应较盐分敏感,且可有效缓解沙丘生境由于缺水所造成的氧化损伤,使丙二醛(MDA)含量维持在相对较低水平。过氧化物酶(POD)活性在沙丘和盐渍化生境内都比较高,对抵抗盐渍化和干旱起着同样重要的作用。  相似文献   
8.
Seasonal changes of some water relations parameters of Norway spruce shoots ( Picea abies [L.] Karst.) were studied during two experiments using the pressure-volume analysis. For each experiment only shoots of a single tree were used.
During the first study, the course of the turgor loss point (as bulk osmotic pressure when turgor first reaches zero, πp) of shoots developed in late 1986 vegetation period, were measured in 1987. The turgor loss point decreased temporarily from –2.5 MPa at the beginning of the year to –3.3 MPa at the end of March, but then increased to the original level for the rest of the year.
During the second study, water relations parameters were measured in late summer 1987 and in late winter 1988. Winter shoots at full water saturation contained up to 20% less water than in late summer. Accordingly, the bulk osmotic pressure at full water saturation (πp) decreased from –1.7 MPa in late summer to –1.9 MPa in winter, πp decreased also from –2.2 MPa to –2.8 MPa. However, the amount of osmotically active substances (mOsmol, N) remained unchanged. The relative amount of apoplastic water in the total shoot water content appeared to drop insignificantly from 17% to 15%.
The results show that the decrease in πo and πp in late winter is not due to an accumulation of osmotically active substances in the vacuoles but is due to a decrease in tissue water content. The temporary reduction of the symplastic volume by deposition of osmotically inert substances seems to be the most probable cause of this phenomenon.  相似文献   
9.
Seasonal leaf water relations characteristics were studied in fully irrigated spring barley (Hordeum distichum L. cv. Gunnar) fertilized at low (50 kg K ha−1) or high (200 kg K ha−1) levels of potassium applied as KCl. The investigation was undertaken from about 14 days before anthesis until the milk ripe stage in leaves of different position and age. Additionally, the effects of severe water stress on leaf water relations were studied in the middle of the grain filling period in spring barley (cv. Alis). The leaf water relations characteristics were determined by the pressure volume (PV) technique. Water relations of fully irrigated plants were compared in leaf No 7 with the water relations of slowly droughted plants (cv. Alis). Leaf osmotic potential at full turgor (ψ π 100 ) decreased 0.1 to 0.3 MPa in droughted leaves indicating a limited osmotic adjustment due to solute accumulation. The leaf osmotic potential at zero turgor (ψ π 0 ) was about −2.2 MPa in fully irrigated plants and −2.6 MPa in droughted plants. The relative water content at zero turgor (R0) decreased 0.1 unit in severely droughted leaves. The ratio of turgid leaf weight to dry weight (TW/DW) tended to be increased by drought. The tissue modulus of elasticity (ε) decreased in droughted plants and together with osmotic adjustment mediated turgor maintenance during drought. A similar response to drought was found in low and high K plants except that the R0 and ε values tended to be higher in the high K plants. Conclusively, during drought limited osmotic adjustment and increase in elasticity of the leaf tissue mediated turgor maintenance. These effects were only slightly modified by high potassium application. The seasonal analysis in fully irrigated plants (cv. Gunnar) showed that within about 14 days from leaf emergence ψ π 100 decreased from about −0.9 to −1.6 MPa in leaf No 7 (counting the first leaf to emerge as number one) and from about −1.1 to −1.9 MPa in leaf No 8 (the flag leaf) due to solute accumulation. A similar decrease took place in ψ π 0 except that the level of ψ π 0 was displaced to a lower level of about 0.2 to 0.3 MPa. Both ψ π 100 and ψ π 0 tended to be 0.05 to 0.10 MPa lower in high K than in low K plants. R0 was about 0.8 to 0.9 and was independent of leaf position and age, but tended to be highest in high K plants. The TW/DW ratio decreased from about 5.5 in leaf No 6 to 4.5 in leaf No 7 and 3.8 in leaf No 8. The TW/DW ratio was 4 to 10% higher in high K than in low K plants indicating larger leaf cell size in the former. The apoplastic water content (Va) at full turgor constituted about 15% in leaf No 7. ε was maximum at full turgor and varied from about 11 to 34 MPa. ε tended to be higher in high K plants. Conclusively, in fully watered plants an ontogenetically determined accumulation of solutes (probably organic as discussed) occurred in the leaves independent of K application. The main effect of high K application on water relations was an increase in leaf water content and a slight decrease in leaf ψπ. The effect of K status on growth and drought resistance is discussed.  相似文献   
10.
【目的】从基因水平探究枯草芽孢杆菌渗透压调节因子L-脯氨酸合成途径中glnA、proB、proA基因的功能,通过分子改造实现对代谢途径的人工扰动。【方法】从枯草芽孢杆菌WB600出发,通过向胞内引入一系列基因敲除或过表达,分别构建了proB和proA基因过表达的重组菌WB601和WB602、glnA基因缺失的重组菌WB603以及在此基础之上过表达proB基因的重组菌WB604。借助菌株胞外和胞内游离脯氨酸积累的表型分析影响途径的关键节点。【结果】在非胁迫条件下,重组菌WB601和WB602胞外脯氨酸含量分别是原始菌的2.21倍和2.82倍,单位细胞胞外脯氨酸得率分别是原始菌的4.09倍和9.80倍,胞内游离脯氨酸含量分别是原始菌的1.91倍和3.34倍;重组菌WB603胞外脯氨酸含量上升至1221.43 mg/L,是原始菌的6.28倍,单位细胞胞外和胞内游离脯氨酸得率分别为原始菌的9.13倍和3.66倍;而重组菌WB604胞外脯氨酸含量最高达1391.65 mg/L,相比菌株WB603,其胞外脯氨酸含量及单位细胞得率分别提高了13.94%和14.10%,且胞内游离脯氨酸含量提高了32.60%。在5%Na Cl胁迫条件下,重组菌WB601和WB602的胞外脯氨酸含量分别是原始菌的1.94倍和1.54倍,单位细胞胞外脯氨酸得率分别是原始菌的2.15倍和2.19倍;重组菌WB603胞外脯氨酸含量及其单位细胞得率分别是原始菌的4.16倍和7.29倍;相同条件下,相比于重组菌WB603,重组菌WB604的胞外脯氨酸含量及其单位细胞得率分别提高了32.61%和5.54%。此外,实验组菌株的胞内游离脯氨酸含量均高于非胁迫时,并达到相对平衡状态。【结论】proB和proA基因的过表达均能显著提升细胞合成脯氨酸的能力,并且能增强细胞的耐盐性;glnA基因的缺失能增强脯氨酸合成途径,提高脯氨酸的积累;两种效应的正向叠加可进一步提升细胞脯氨酸合成能力。  相似文献   
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