河西走廊绿洲生态系统的动态模拟研究

在对绿洲生态系统特殊性分析的基础上,运用灰色计量模型对２０００年河西走廊绿洲生态系统做了现状动态模拟和前景预测分析,提出了河西走廊绿洲生态环境质量改善的几种不同对策方案,认为以适度投入与适度产出为主要内容的可持续发展对策方案是保证河西走廊经济持续发展与生态环境永续良化的最佳对策方案。     

天山北麓新人工绿洲扩张过程中的碳库格局变化与碳库迁移

基于地面调查数据、气象数据和遥感数据分析了40年来天山北麓新人工绿洲迅速扩张对区域植被和土壤的碳库格局、碳库迁移及碳储量的影响,结果如下:1976-2016年,研究区农田面积占比从3.25%增加到40%以上,沼泽消失,水库干涸,灌丛大幅减少,土壤盐碱化过程停止,裸盐碱地面积40年里减少近70%,新生草地在裸盐碱地上形成;2016年6月植被有效碳储量约为0.122Tg,比1976年下降了15.7%,成为一个弱的碳源;土壤碳库在干旱地区陆地生态系统碳库中占绝对主导地位,1976年研究区(0-60cm)的土壤有机碳储量为7.814Tg,其中耕地仅占4.2%,1996年土壤有机碳储量比1976年减少12.4%,呈明显碳源特征,到2016年,耕地土壤有机碳储量占比超过50%,总碳储量与1996年相比微降1.2%,土壤碳库重新趋于稳定。其中,裸盐碱地土壤碳库在向耕地、灌丛地、草地土壤碳库的迁移过程中贡献了1.265Tg的碳储量增量,草地土壤碳库在向耕地、灌丛地碳库的迁移过程中贡献了0.894Tg的碳储量增量;若维持现有耕地规模不再进行新的垦荒活动,40a垦荒造成的土壤碳库损失可以逐渐恢复并重新形成碳汇效应。     

Rodent middens reveal episodic,long‐distance plant colonizations across the hyperarid Atacama Desert over the last 34,000 years

Aim To document the impact of late Quaternary pluvial events on plant movements between the coast and the Andes across the Atacama Desert, northern Chile. Location Sites are located along the lower and upper fringes of absolute desert (1100–2800 m a.s.l.), between the western slope of the Andes and the Coastal Ranges of northern Chile (24–26° S). Methods We collected and individually radiocarbon dated 21 rodent middens. Plant macrofossils (fruits, seeds, flowers and leaves) were identified and pollen content analysed. Midden assemblages afford brief snapshots of local plant communities that existed within the rodents’ limited foraging range during the several years to decades that it took the midden to accumulate. These assemblages were then compared with modern floras to determine the presence of extralocal species and species provenance. Results Five middens span the last glacial period (34–21 ka) and three middens are from the last glacial–interglacial transition (19–11 ka). The remaining 13 middens span the last 7000 years. Coastal hyperarid sites exhibit low taxonomic richness in middens at 19.3, 1.1, 1.0, 0.9, 0.5 ka and a modern sample. Middens are also dominated by the same plants that occur today. In contrast, middens dated to 28.1, 21.3, 17.3, 3.7 and 0.5 ka contain more species, including Andean extralocals. Precordillera middens (c. 2700 m) show a prominent increase in plant macrofossil richness, along with the appearance of Andean extralocals and sedges at 34.5 and 18.9 ka. Six younger middens dated to 6.1–0.1 ka are similar to the modern local vegetation. Main conclusions Increased species richness and Andean extralocal plants occurred along the current lower fringes of absolute desert during the last glacial–interglacial transition and late Holocene. The absence of soil carbonates indicates the persistence of absolute desert throughout the Quaternary. Colonization by Andean plants could have been accomplished through long‐distance seed dispersal either by animals or floods that originated in the Andes. We postulate that dispersal would have been most frequent during regional pluvial events and associated increases in groundwater levels, forming local wetlands in the absolute desert, and generating large floods capable of crossing the Central Depression.     

干旱荒漠绿洲景观空间格局及其受水资源条件的影响分析

以黑河流域下游额济纳荒漠绿洲为研究对象,分析了景观生态的基本特点和景观嵌块体类型,通过景观空间格局及其变化分析与景观生态功效的评价,利用８０年代和９０年代两期有关景观生态的资料,论述了水资源条件变化对研究区景观格局的影响,指出河流廓道是干旱区荒漠绿洲的主要生态流,河流廓道的变化是导致荒漠绿洲景观格局变化的驱动力。     

艾比湖流域小尺度农田土壤养分的空间分布和盐渍化风险评价

为了解绿洲经济迅速发展背景下新疆典型尾闾绿洲-艾比湖流域小尺度农田土壤的养分和盐渍化状况,对该地区典型农田土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等养分元素的空间分布、影响因素以及盐渍化风险状况进行了评价。结果表明:(1)农田土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量均较高。所有土壤样点中总盐分含量属于高度变异,其他指标属于低度变异。(2)半方差函数分析表明土壤中碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的空间变异性主要受施肥和灌溉等随机性因素的影响;而有机质和总盐分含量的空间变异性则受植被覆盖和土壤质地等结构性因素以及施肥、灌溉等随机性因素的共同影响。(3)空间分析表明,总体看农田土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量较高区域主要分布在中部和北部,受施肥、灌溉方式和植被盖度等因素的影响;而盐分含量较高区域主要分布在研究区南部和边缘区域,主要受地形、土壤质地和植被盖度的影响。(4)相关分析表明农田土壤中有机质、速效钾、速效磷、碱解氮和总盐分含量呈显著的负相关关系。盐渍化风险评估表明土壤中总盐分含量属于低度到中度的盐渍化风险,不会对主要作物棉花的生长产生危害,但应改进灌溉方式和种植制度,同时采用增施有机肥、进行秸秆还田等措施促进棉花作物的稳产、高产。     

1975-2020年疏勒河流域绿洲时空变化研究

掌握内陆河流域绿洲时空动态是内陆河流域实现水资源优化配置和动态管理的基本前提。基于Landsat系列数据,结合面向对象随机森林和目视解译方法,分析了1975-2020年疏勒河流域绿洲的时空格局、结构变化及其成因,并探讨了人工/天然绿洲比例变化对生态环境的影响。结果表明：（1）2020年疏勒河流域绿洲面积为5790.24km²,占流域面积比例的4.65%,其中人工绿洲、自然绿洲和过渡带分别占绿洲总面积比例为45.29%、51.07%和3.64%;（2）疏勒河流域绿洲分布模式主要为内陆河沙漠区模式和干流模式;（3）1975-2020年疏勒河流域绿洲面积整体上呈扩张趋势,且绿洲变化以人工绿洲扩张、天然绿洲和荒漠-绿洲过渡带减少为主要特征,土地类型的主要变化为草地和荒漠被开垦,绿洲变化可分为1975-2000年缓慢扩张和2000-2020年迅速扩张2个阶段,主要原因为流域径流量增加和外来移民输入;（4）随着人工与天然绿洲面积之比由3：7（1975年）增加到5：5（2020年）,流域绿洲生态环境质量呈现先上升后下降趋势,2005年达到最高。研究可为疏勒河流域绿洲生态系统稳定发展提供数据支撑和科学依据。     

Novel green algal isolates from the Egyptian hyper‐arid desert oases: a polyphasic approach with a description of Pharao desertorum gen. et sp. nov. (Chlorophyceae,Chlorophyta)

The biodiversity of terrestrial algae is still grossly understudied, and African deserts in particular are barely touched in this respect. Here, four coccoid green algae from oases in the Western Desert of Egypt were characterized using a combination of morphotaxonomic, ecological and 18S rDNA data, with additional carotenoid and lipid analyses for two of the strains. Three strains were identified as affiliated with known taxa: Mychonastes sp., Asterarcys sp. (first report of this genus from a desert soil), and Stichococcus cf. deasonii. The fourth strain is proposed to represent a new cryptic genus Pharao gen. nov., with the type species P. desertorum sp. nov. The new taxon is sister to the clade of uncharacterized North American desert strains of Radiococcaceae (Chlorophyceae, Chlorophyta). The pigment profile of P. desertorum gen. et sp. nov. revealed carotenoids and chlorophylls typical of green algae. Bioorganic analysis showed a complex lipidome based on phospho‐ (PC), galacto‐ (MGDG and DGDG), betaine‐ (DGTS), and sulfoquinovosyl‐ (SQDG) membrane lipids, besides significant amounts of storage neutral lipids such as diacyl‐ (DAG) and triacylglycerols (TAG). The presence of saturated alkyl chains within all the membrane lipid classes in P. desertorum and Asterarcys sp. appears to reflect the need to maintain membrane fluidity and viscosity. In summary, African deserts likely still harbor new taxa to be described, and lipidomic analyses of such taxa may provide clues about their ability to survive in the extremely harsh desert habitats.     

荒漠绿洲生态系统的运行机制及退化的监控研究

荒漠绿洲生态系统的运行机制及退化的监控研究方创琳（西北师范大学地理系,兰州７３００７０）ＯｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎＭｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｏｆＤｅｓｅｒｔＯａｓｅｓＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍａｎｄＩｔｓＤｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎＭｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇ．￥ＦａｎｇＣｈｕａｎｇｌ...     

河西走廊土地利用/覆盖变化的景观生态效应——以肃州绿洲为例

近来,在土地利用／覆被变化研究中,都纷纷结合景观格局变化分析模型来研究其空间结构变化趋势及其生态效应,以期为土地持续利用规划设计提供依据。景观格局及其变化既是各种干扰因素相互作用的结果,又影响着区域的生态过程。运用景观生态学原理,借助GIS技术(Arc GIS8．1)和Fragstas 3．3软件,基于1988、2000年Landsat5的4、3、2(RGB)波段合成影像解译结果,对河西走廊中西段肃州绿洲LUCC及其景观生态效应进行了研究。结果表明：(1)受自然地理要素的影响,景观类型空间分布表现出明显的区域差异。耕地主要分布于水系两岸和河流冲积扇;草地主要分布于祁连山地及绿洲边缘;林地主要分布于河流两岸、祁连山北坡一带;戈壁、沙漠广泛分布于绿洲之间,景观格局呈现出以戈壁为基质的戈壁、绿洲、沙漠相间分布的态势;(2)各土地利用类型及景观格局指数均发生了重要变化,耕地、水域明显增加,城镇用地和农村居民点也逐步增加,草地、林地和未利用地呈减少趋势,尤其是高覆盖度草地全部消失;(3)斑块破碎化程度在减小,异质性也在减小,但生态环境质量仍在下降,表现为大部分草地、林地被开垦为耕地,降低了绿洲维护生态平衡的能力,加大了干旱绿洲业已超负的水资源载荷;(4)景观中斑块优势度在减小,斑块类型在景观中趋于均匀分布,异质性的减小和均质化发展必然导致景观稳定性的降低;(5)林地和草地边缘效应降低,使其对周围斑块类型的影响相应减小,原有的景观生态功能减弱;相反,水体、盐碱地和裸地边缘效应有所增强,盐碱地和裸地等对景观发展影响的增强则是景观退化的表现。     

An annotated distributional checklist of the freshwater fish from Baja California Sur,México

An annotated distributional checklist of thefreshwater fish recorded historically andrecently in Baja California Sur, México, isprovided. This checklist is supported with4,857 specimens collected at freshwaterlocalities during the period of May 1991 toApril 2002, and complemented with a review ofspecimens in museums and in the literature. Thenative ichthyofauna is represented by 19species belonging to 16 genera and 12 families,with only two cases of endemism (Funduluslima and Gobiesox juniperoserrai). Thefirst occurrence of Centropomus viridisin freshwater environments of Baja Californiapeninsula is reported here. The familiesEleotridae and Mugilidae are the most diversewith 3 species each. Zoogeographically, most ofthe species are of tropical affinity(panamanian 63%, tropical amphiamerican 16%and circumtropical 5%) and of marineecological derivation (sporadic 53%,complementary 26%, vicarious 16% anddiadromous 5%). Six species are exotic in thisregion, of which Cyprinus carpio, Xiphophorus helleri and Tilapia cf. zilli are of recent introduction. The currentstatus of the endemic killifish (Funduluslima) is determined as endangered due tocompetition with Tilapia cf. zilliand other exotic fish.