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1.
外来物种入侵后的多物种竞争共存的集合种群模型   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
时培建  戈峰  王建国  郭世权 《生态学报》2009,29(3):1241-1250
基于多物种竞争共存模型,提出外来物种与本地物种竞争共存途径的两种假想:外来物种通过插队竞争与本地物种实现共存;外来物种通过等位竞争与本地物种实现共存.并提出根据外来物种在两种竞争共存模式下占据生境斑块比例的稳定值大小来判断外来物种和本地物种的竞争共存途径.根据两种假想,分别建立了外来物种插队竞争共存模型和等位竞争共存模型.通过应用数学软件Mathematica 4.0对两个模型进行了模拟,得出以下结论:在外来物种与本地物种竞争共存状态下,如果外来物种通过插队竞争与本地物种实现共存,当本地物种竞争力差异较大时,外来物种极易对本地稀少物种构成危害.虽然外来物种不会直接造成本地稀少物种的灭绝,但是会使本地稀少物种的生境斑块急剧减少,增加本地稀少物种灭绝的可能性,而当本地物种竞争力差异较小时,外来物种对本地所有物种的影响都较小.如果外来物种通过等位竞争与本地物种实现共存,无论本地物种竞争力差异大小与否,外来物种只是影响到与其生态位相同的本地物种,影响程度取决于外来物种侵入时所占据生境斑块的比例大小.  相似文献   
2.
We investigated the role of fire and other potential biotic and abiotic determinants for the occurrence of an obligate seeder and active pyrophyte, Cistus salviifolius, a vulnerable species in the Swiss Red List. Populations of this species are threatened by the change of fire regime that has occurred during the last ten years. Fires and burnt areas are today less frequent and it is not clear whether other factors can compensate for such fire-free periods should this trend continue. We used a stratified random design to collect data on the cover of three growth stages, i.e., juvenile, chamaephytic and nanophanerophytic (oldest), of C. salviifolius, on plant communities, and on environmental factors. A tree-based discriminant analysis showed that the time elapsed since last fire was the best predictor of Cistus occurrence, but plants could survive on rocky and sunny sites if no fire had occurred for more than 32 years. Contrary to our expectations, the number of fires and time elapsed since the last event was correlated with the oldest stages only, and not with that of seedlings or juveniles. Rank correlations showed that bare soil was a good predictor of young stages, whereas rocky outcrops and shallow soils were important for the chamaephytic stage. Our results confirm the role of disturbances and competition-free habitats as determinants of the survival of this vulnerable pyrophyte during long periods without fires and the existence of ontogenetic niche segregation of this species. In order to maintain viable C. salviifolius populations in the Alps, managers should undertake conservation actions according to the requirements of the different growth stages of this species.  相似文献   
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刘雪华  金学林 《生态学杂志》2008,27(12):2123-2128
对秦岭佛坪和长青2个保护区的大熊猫活动密集区的系列生境因子(包括海拔、坡度、坡向、水系密度、生境类型、竹子种类)进行了研究,并分析了其与大熊猫痕迹点的关系。结果表明:佛坪和长青保护区的生境特征既有相似性又有差异性,故2个保护区的大熊猫对生境的选择也呈相似性和差异性;在长青和佛坪保护区各存在1个大熊猫活动密集区,其具有明显的宏观生境特征;大熊猫活动密集区的生境资源可获得性和大熊猫对生境因子的适应选择对应关系明显;秦岭南坡大熊猫选择的生境特征主要是:海拔1 200~2 600 m,坡度20°~40°,水系密度为2~3条·km-2,针阔叶混交林,巴山木竹和秦岭箭竹的分布区。  相似文献   
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The diets of the wolf Canis lupus, red fox Vulpes vulpes and raccoon dog Nyctereutes ussurienusis Matschie were studied in the grassland of eastern Inner Mongolia from August to October in 2007 and from March to July in 2008. Feces were collected from dens and latrines. The frequency of occurrence and the dry weight of the remains of each food item in the feces were calculated. Livestock (50.65% frequency of occurrence) constituted the bulk of the wolf diet, while small rodents (76.31% frequency of occurrence) were most frequently eaten by the foxes. Small rodents (22.69% frequency of occurrence) were important to the raccoon dogs but they also frequently consumed birds (39.81% frequency of occurrence) and insects (26.39% frequency of occurrence). The wolf was the most omnivorous and the red fox was the least omnivorous of these three kinds of canidae according to the diversity index. The food niches of the wolf and the red fox overlapped more than that of the raccoon dog and other species. These three kinds of canidae shared many resources and consequently competition occurred to them. However, their diets also differed to some extent which helped them to avoid competition. Furthermore, raccoon dogs were dormant in winter when food was scarce, which may be the reason why all these species could coexist in a rather unproductive grassland.  相似文献   
7.
古田山国家级自然保护区甜槠林优势种群生态位   总被引:25,自引:7,他引:18  
胡正华  钱海源  于明坚 《生态学报》2009,29(7):3670-3677
采用样方法进行不同资源位群落调查,利用生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠公式测试了古田山国家自然保护区甜槠林14个优势种群[甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)、木荷(Schima superba)、马银花(Rhododendron ovatum)、檵木(Loropetalum chinensis)、麂角杜鹃(Rhododendron latoucheae)、虎皮楠(Daphniphyllum macropodum)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)、乌饭树(Vaccinium bracteatum)、石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)、赤楠(Syzygium buxifolium)、石楠(Photinia serrulata)、栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)、钩栗(Castanopsis tibetana)]的生态位.结果表明:甜槠和木荷的生态位宽度较大,其Bi、Ba分别为0.8703、0.8528和0.8446、0.7824;而石楠、栲树和钩栗的生态位宽度较小,其Bi、Ba分别为0.2956、0.1359,0.2953、0.1356和0.2684、0.1064.生态位宽度较大的物种之间的生态相似性比例较大,如甜槠与木荷、甜槠与马银花、木荷与马银花的生态相似性比例分别为0.7630、0.7252和0.6452;对生境需求有较大相似性的生态位宽度不同的物种其生态位相似比例也会较高,如木荷与马尾松生态位相似比为0.6866.生态位宽度较大的树种间生态位重叠较大,如甜槠、木荷、马银花等.甜槠林中生态位重叠值大于0.1的有39对,仅占21.4%,生态位重叠值不大,表明甜槠林中因利用相同的资源位而产生的种间竞争并不激烈,是一个稳定的森林群落.  相似文献   
8.
A complementary approach of stomach content and stable isotope analyses was used to characterize the foraging ecology and evaluate niche overlap between pygmy (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf (K. sima) sperm whales stranded on the U.S. mid‐Atlantic coast between 1998 and 2011. Food habits analysis demonstrated both species were primarily teuthophagous, with 35 species of cephalopods, and 2 species of mesopelagic fishes represented in their overall diets. Pianka's Index of niche overlap suggested high overlap between whale diets (On = 0.92), with squids from the families Histioteuthidae, Cranchidae, and Ommastrephidae serving as primary prey. Pygmy sperm whales consumed slightly larger prey sizes (mean mantle length [ML] = 10.8 cm) than dwarf sperm whales (mean ML = 7.8 cm). Mean prey sizes consumed by pygmy sperm whales increased with growth, but showed no trend in dwarf sperm whales. Significant differences were not detected in δ15N and δ13C values of muscle tissues from pygmy (10.8‰ ± 0.5‰, ?17.1‰ ± 0.6‰), and dwarf sperm whales (10.7‰ ± 0.5‰, ?17.0‰ ± 0.4‰), respectively. Isotopic niche widths also did not differ significantly and dietary overlap was high between the two species. Results suggest the feeding ecologies of the pygmy and dwarf sperm whales are similar and both species occupy equivalent trophic niches in the region.  相似文献   
9.
In the River Great Ouse, 0+ roach, bream, chub, bleak and gudgeon were each divided into three' ecospecies' on the basis of their morphology: young larvae, old larvae and juveniles. Ecologically similar species were positively associated and dissimilar species were negatively associated. All ecospecies, except juvenile bleak preferred water < 1 m deep, within 6 m of the bank with some plant cover. Habitat use was similar for all species. It is suggested that this habitat offers increased growth rate, reduced predation risk and increased food abundance to all species, and that species overlap is due to complementary habitat use rather than aggregation. During the early larval period all species fed predominantly upon rotifers and diatoms. During the late larval period there was a switch to Cladocera, primarily Chydoridae and Ceriodaphnia sp., and chironomid larvae. Species-specific dietary selection was evident during the juvenile period, with roach feeding primarily upon aufwuchs, bream upon Cladocera, chub upon Diptera, and gudgeon upon Copepoda.  相似文献   
10.
Morphologically, the digestive tracts of the king angelfish Holacunthus passer and the Cortes angelfish Pomacanthus zonipectus are similar, yet the king angelfish intestine is almost 30% longer than that of the Cortes angelfish. Both pomacanthids have a small mouth with villiform teeth, a short oesophagus, a well-defined stomach, and a terminal sac at the end of the digestive tract. The terminal sac, the acid pH in the stomach, and the long intestine may facilitate efficient use of seaweed nutrients. Stomach contents were analysed to determine diets and interspecific overlap. Seventy-one species were found in the stomachs of the king angelfish and 53 in the stomachs of the Cortes angelfish. Because of the wide range of species in their diets, both angelfish must be regarded as omnivorous. The most frequent foods were seaweed and sponges, but for the king angelfish, crustaceans were also important. A cluster analysis was done to determine whether the diets of these fish were similar by sex, size, or season. No similarities were found. Dietary overlap is high in relation to other pomacanthids.  相似文献   
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