钦州湾大型底栖动物生态学研究

通过2008年~2009年在钦州湾及附近海域进行的4个航次的大型底栖动物调查,共获大型底栖动物8门62科94种,软体类最多,其次为多毛类,种类季节变化较大。以优势度指数Y>0.02为判别标准,调查区春季优势种为方格皱纹蛤（Periglypta lacerata (Hanley)）、刺足掘沙蟹（Scalopidia spinosipes Stimpsom）和独齿围沙蚕（Perinereis cultrifera Grube）,夏季优势种为方格皱纹蛤、刺足掘沙蟹和持真节虫,秋季优势种为曲波皱纹蛤和网纹藤壶,冬季优势种为肋鲳螺和方格皱纹蛤。春、夏季优势种变化不大,秋、冬季优势种变化较大,除方格皱纹蛤外均为季节特有种。海区底栖生物平均总密度和平均总生物量分别为439ind./m2和115.14g/m2。与20世纪80年代钦州湾茅尾海调查结果相比,平均栖息密度有所升高,但是平均生物量却有较大程度的降低。底栖动物群落的丰富度指数（D）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H′）和均匀度指数（J′）平均值分别为4.01、1.80和0.73,水平不高。用SPSS软件将各站大型底栖动物的平均密度、平均生物量、多样性指数等生态特征值与水深等理化因子进行了Pearson相关分析,结果表明春季各特征指数与环境因子相关性不显著;夏季丰度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均与水深呈显著负相关,种类数、丰富度和多样性指数与沉积物pH呈显著负相关;秋季密度与硫化物呈显著正相关;冬季生物量与硫化物和有机质均呈显著正相关。     

中街山列岛岩相潮间带大型底栖动物的群落格局

于2006年9月和2007年7月在中街山列岛4个有居民海岛岩相潮间带设立8个断面,对大型底栖动物的群落结构进行了调查.共获得大型底栖动物34种,其中腔肠动物1种,环节动物3种,甲壳动物10种,软体动物20种.优势种有日本笠藤壶(Tetraclita japonica)、紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)和节蝾螺(Turb articulatus)等4种.以季节和站位为因子对多样性指数进行双因素方差分析,结果表明只有夏、秋季丰富度指数(P=0.028)存在显著差异,其他指数的方差分析没有显著差异(P＞0.05).3个潮带4个岛屿共12个站位的聚类分析和MDS标序分析表明,12个群落可分为3组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组).大型底栖动物ABC曲线分析表明底栖动物群落尚未受到干扰.     

The biodiversity of macrobenthos from Jiaozhou Bay

The current situation of the animal species biodiversity of macrobenthic fauna in the Jiaozhou Bay (South Shandong Peninsula, Yellow Sea) is reported in the present paper, based on the data from 15 investigation cruises carried out from February 1998 to November 2001. In analyzing the data, the Shannon-Wiener index, and species evenness and richness indices were used to study the trends of variation of the community structure, the species assemblages in the macrobenthic community, the dominant species, and the abundance of macrobenthic fauna in Jiaozhou Bay. A total of 322 species of macrobenthic animals were found in the bay, of which 133 species belong to 44 families of Polychaeta, while 92 species belong to 42 families of Crustacea. The average number of species per sample station ranged from 8 to 26. The Shannon-Wiener indices were very different among the samples, with the highest being recorded from Station 8 in November 2001, and the lowest from Station 9 in August 2001. The number of species, the Shannon-Wiener indices, and the species richness indices from Stations 7 and 9 were generally lower than those from other stations. This is because both the stations are situated at areas with a strong current and where the sediment is coarse sand. Although the richness index of species and the Shannon-Wiener index were high in Station 3, the Pielou evenness index was the lowest of all the sampling stations. This is because the station is located near the culture area of Ruditapes philippinarum, where a high abundance of clams caused low evenness. The results also revealed that the number of species and abundance greatly affected the biodiversity, and some environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, and primary productivity were also closely interrelated with biodiversity. Pollution and overexploitation caused by human activities were very important factors affecting macrobenthic biodiversity. In order to find the best way to enhance and protect living marine resources, the relationship between human activities and the biodiversity of macrobenthos in the Jiaozhou Bay should be studied further.     

The Behavioural Response of Mayfly Nymphs (Stenonema sp.) to Chemical Cues from Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus)

Artificial reef systems play an important role in the increase of natural production of biological marine resources and they have been deployed worldwide. In Portugal, seven artificial systems have been deployed along the southern coast of the Algarve. Research to date has focussed mainly on fish populations, particularly those of economical importance. The present work aims to study the macrobenthic communities of the artificial reef structures, as these will enhance the food resources and shelter, making the reefs more attractive to fish. In particular, we experimentally analysed the sequence of colonisation of macrobenthic communities of the Ancão artificial reef system, which was deployed in the summer of 2002. The study of the colonisation of benthic communities was done using samples of concrete cubic units (15 × 15 cm) that were suspended at the reef modules at a depth of 20 m, at the time of the reef immersion. Four replicate samples were collected by SCUBA diving from two groups of the Ancão reef every three months from the starting date. Sampling was done using essentially non-destructive methods to assess the percentage cover of macrobenthic organisms in both vertical and horizontal surfaces. The percentage cover of the taxonomic groups was compared within the different surfaces of the samples and between the two reef groups. The bottom surface of cubic samples had a significantly higher colonisation related to the dominance of barnacle cover, probably due to lower sedimentation levels. Samples from both reef groups showed a similar pattern of colonisation. Barnacles, bryozoans and serpulids dominated the samples three months immediately after the beginning of the experiment. Other invertebrates groups, such as Porifera, Hydrozoa, Anthozoa, other sessile Polychaeta, Decapoda, Gastropoda and Bivalvia, were more abundant after six months of colonisation.     

The biodiversity of macrobenthos from Jiaozhou Bay

The current situation of the animal species biodiversity of macrobenthic fauna in the Jiaozhou Bay (South Shandong Peninsula, Yellow Sea) is reported in the present paper, based on the data from 15 investigation cruises carried out from February 1998 to November 2001. In analyzing the data, the Shannon-Wiener index, and species evenness and richness indices were used to study the trends of variation of the community structure, the species assemblages in the macrobenthic community, the dominant species, and the abundance of macrobenthic fauna in Jiaozhou Bay. A total of 322 species of macrobenthic animals were found in the bay, of which 133 species belong to 44 families of Polychaeta, while 92 species belong to 42 families of Crustacea. The average number of species per sample station ranged from 8 to 26. The Shannon-Wiener indices were very different among the samples, with the highest being recorded from Station 8 in November 2001, and the lowest from Station 9 in August 2001. The number of species, the Shannon-Wiener indices, and the species richness indices from Stations 7 and 9 were generally lower than those from other stations. This is because both the stations are situated at areas with a strong current and where the sediment is coarse sand. Although the richness index of species and the Shannon-Wiener index were high in Station 3, the Pielou evenness index was the lowest of all the sampling stations. This is because the station is located near the culture area of Ruditapes philippinarum, where a high abundance of clams caused low evenness. The results also revealed that the number of species and abundance greatly affected the biodiversity, and some environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, and primary productivity were also closely interrelated with biodiversity. Pollution and overexploitation caused by human activities were very important factors affecting macrobenthic biodiversity. In order to find the best way to enhance and protect living marine resources, the relationship between human activities and the biodiversity of macrobenthos in the Jiaozhou Bay should be studied further.     

胶州湾大型底栖动物生物多样性现状

根据自1998年2月至2001年11月对胶州湾的10个站15个航次（每季度月一次）的大型底栖动物分布状况调查资料,报道了胶州湾大型底栖生物物种多样性现状,采用了香农-威纳指数、物种丰富度指数以及物种均匀度指数对胶州湾大型底栖生物的群落结构、种类组成、优势种以及数量动态趋势进行了分析。本次调查共采到底栖动物322种,其中多毛类44科133种,甲壳动物42科92种,棘皮动物仅有14种。各站获得平均种类数在8—26种之间,种类最少的出现在7号站,最多的出现在3号站。各站位香农-威纳指数也有很大差异,最大的是2001年11月的8号站,最小的则出现在2001年8月的9号站。7号站和9号站种类数、物种多样性指数及物种丰度指数均较低,这是因为它们位于水流较大的区域,且底质为粗砂。3号站虽然种类数较多,并具有较大的香农-威纳指数,但它的物种均匀度指数却非常低,这是因为3号站靠近菲律宾蛤仔养殖区域,蛤仔的高密度降低了均匀度指数。生物多样性除了受种的数量及其个体密度的影响外,还与多种环境因素有关,如水温,盐度、初级生产力等,人为因素（如污染、过度利用）对底栖生物影响非常大。目的在于为进一步研究胶州湾生物多样性变化及底栖生物资源的合理开发和持续利用提供科学依据和积累资料。     

Stable deep-sea macrobenthic trace maker associations in disturbed environments from the Eocene Lefkara Formation,Cyprus

Ichnological analysis of Eocene deep-pelagic whitish chalky calcilutites interstratified with high-energy calcarenite beds in the lower part of the Petra Tou Romiou section (southern Cyprus) was conducted to interpret the development and evolution of the trace maker associations during calcilutite deposition after high-energy episodes. The trace fossil assemblage from the chalky calcilutites consists of Chondrites isp. (Chondrites intricatus and Chondrites targionii), Planolites isp., Taenidium isp., Thalassinoides isp., and Zoophycos isp., typical of the Zoophycos ichnofacies. A composite chalky ichnofabric reveals a multi-tiered association of burrowing animals: the uppermost tier determines a mottled background, the upper tier shows the highest trace fossil abundance and diversity (Planolites, Taenidium and Thalassinoides), the middle tier features Zoophycos and large Chondrites, and the deepest tier consists mainly/exclusively of small Chondrites. This ichnofabric has an autocomposite character, associated with bioturbation by a single ichnocoenosis and gradual upward migration of the tiered macrobenthic community as the pelagic calcilutite sedimentation slowly progresses. There are no changes in the trace fossil assemblage between or within calcilutite intervals, regardless of the associated calcarenite beds. This supports a stable, mature, background calcilutite trace maker association, which recovers shortly after the deposition of high-energy calcarenites. In turn, there would have been a rapid re-establishment of paleoenvironmental conditions during pelagic calcilutite accumulation after episodic deposition of any calcarenitic material.     

The influence of coal ash and thermal discharges upon the distribution and bioaccumulation of aquatic invertebrates

The distribution, density and uptake of twenty elements by aquatic invertebrates inhabiting a drainage system, that received excessive coal ash effluent (275 JTU of turbidity) at one end and thermal loading (44.5°C) at the other end, was studied for 15 months. The ash settling basin filled during the first eight months of sampling which resulted in the release of ash effluent directly into the receiving system. Density of invertebrates was lowest in the 300 m stream between the ash basin and swamp and highest 1200 m beyond the stream-swamp confluence where ash influence was minimal. Invertebrate density was lowest in the stations where turbidity from ash effluent was greatest. The most tolerant invertebrates to coal ash stress were odonates (Libellula sp. and Enallagma sp.), crayfish (Procambarus sp.), amphipods (Gammarus sp.) and gastropods (Physa. sp.), and midges (Chironomidae) when the basin was filling. During the period of ash overflow, all groups were either reduced in numbers or absent. In the thermally stressed station, Libellula sp. was the predominant invertebrate sampled when water temperature ranged from 25.5–45.5°C (257-1=28.7°C) all aquatic invertebrates were limited in numbers and density when temperature exceeded the lower and upper ranges of 10.0–38.0°C.This research was supported by AEC Contract AT (38-1-824)This research was supported by AEC Contract AT (38-1-824)     

Species-abundance-biomass responses by estuarine macrobenthos to sediment chemical contamination

Macrobenthic community responses can be measured through concerted changes in univariate metrics,including species richness, total abundance, and totalbiomass. The classic model of pollution effects onmarine macrobenthic communities recognizes thatspecies/abundance/biomass (SAB) curves varydistinctively in a nonlinear manner with the magnitudeof organic enrichment. For example, at moderatelevels of organic enrichment, small-bodiedopportunistic species boost the abundance curve, whilespecies richness falls. Ratios among the metrics formuseful indicators of how the community changes withorganic enrichment. However, the classic SAB model isbased on organic enrichment effects over small spatialand temporal scales, and the applicability of the SABmodel to sediment chemical contamination and acrossbroad natural estuarine gradients is largely unknown. Here, SAB responses were examined with respect toprimary gradients in metals and organic chemicalsbased on an extensive dataset comprising 319 estuarinesites from throughout the northern Gulf of Mexico. Each SAB metric was first adjusted with respect to thethree primary natural estuarine gradients, salinity,depth, and sediment silt/clay content. Adjusted SABrelationships varied in their details with respect todifferent classes of sediment contamination, but alltypes of SAB stress responses appear to exhibitsimilar basic characteristics. As in the SAB model,all three SAB metrics were notably low at the highestconcentrations of both metal and organic-chemicalcontaminants. Moreover, rapid decreases in the B/Aratio with increasing contamination supported theconcept that relatively long-lived, large-bodied,equilibrium taxa decline markedly at highconcentrations of toxicants.     

Using Asymmetrical Designs for Environmental Impact Assessment of Unplanned Disturbances

Environmental impact assessment of unplanned disturbances is often difficult to accomplish due to the absence of ‘before’ data for the impacted sites. In an attempt to overcome this problem, a beyond BACI model is used in order to detect possible changes in the temporal patterns of variation when no previous data are available. The model attempted to detect changes in the abundance of macroinvertebrate species inhabiting the intertidal mussel matrix after an oil spill which occurred in northern Portugal. The detection of a significant impact failed, most probably due to low temporal replication. An extension of the analysis, including the hierarchical arrangement of temporal variability in periods, suggests that increasing the number of sampling times may result in a higher efficiency of the model.