Control of tsetse and trypanosomiasis transmission in Uganda by applications of lambda-cyhalothrin

The pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin was evaluated in field trials against Glossina f.fuscipes and sleeping sickness transmission in Iyolwa sub-county, Tororo District, Uganda. The insecticide was applied selectively to the resting-sites of tsetse, by bush-spraying, using 10% wettable powder (10WP) formulation at an application rate of 11.6 g a.i./ha over an area of 28 km2, or by a 2% Electrodyn formulation (2ED) applied at 0.9 g a.i./ha over 30 km2. In a third trial area of 32 km2, 215 pyramidal traps treated with lambda-cyhalothrin 100 mg/m2 were set. The best impact was obtained with 10WP lambda-cyhalothrin which eliminated tsetse within 1-2 months, whereas G.f.fuscipes persisted at very low density in part of the area treated with 2ED lambda-cyhalothrin. In both treated areas the numbers of human sleeping sickness cases fell to no more than one per month, compared with four to twelve per month previously. The overall rate of cattle trypanosomiasis (T.brucei and T.vivax) was also reduced slightly. Insecticide-treated traps remained fully effective for at least 6 months under field conditions and catches were reduced 20-90-fold. These results in the control of tsetse and trypanosomiasis transmission lead us to recommend lambda-cyhalothrin for tsetse control operations.     

Village trial of bednets impregnated with wash-resistant permethrin compared with other pyrethroid formulations

Abstract. A village-scale field trial of pyrethroid-impregnated mosquito nets was undertaken in The Gambia, West Africa, in the Mandinka village of Saruja (13^o13'N, 14^o55'W) during July-November 1989. Nearly all the villagers possessed and used their own bednets. Anopheles gambiae is the main vector of human malaria in the area.
An experimental wash-resistant formulation of permethrin was compared with standard emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations of permethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, versus placebo-treated bednets. Target concentrations of pyrethroids on bednets were permethrin 500mg/m² and lambda-cyhalothrin 25 mg/m². The experimental design involved random allocation of a treatment to one net per family. Whereas 68% of people questioned said they washed their nets fortnightly, observations during the 16-week trial period showed that only 4/130 (3%) of nets involved in the trial had been washed as frequently as once per month.
Early morning searches for mosquitoes under bednets (1 day/week for 16 weeks) found significantly more mosquitoes (60% An. gambiae ) in placebo-treated nets than in pyrethroid-treated nets. The numbers found with each of the three pyrethroid treatments did not differ significantly from each other. Insecticidal efficacy of the treatments was tested by bioassays using wild-caught unfed mosquitoes exposed to netting for 3min. Linear regression analysis of bioassay mortality against number of times that a net had been washed by villagers showed that nets impregnated with the wash-resistant permethrin retained their insecticidal properties better than nets impregnated with lambda-cyhalothrin or with the standard permethrin formulation.     

Low-volume application by mist-blower compared with conventional compression sprayer treatment of houses with residual pyrethroid to control the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus in Mexico

Abstract. Village-scale trials were carried out in southern Mexico to compare the efficacy of indoor-spraying of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin applied either as low-volume (LV) aqueous emulsion or as wettable-powder (WP) aqueous suspension for residual control of the principal coastal malaria vector Anopheles albimanus. Three indoor spray rounds were conducted at 3-month intervals using back-pack mist-blowers to apply lambda-cyhalothrin 12.5 mg a.i./m² by LV, whereas the WP was applied by conventional compression sprayer at a mean rate of 26.5 mg a.i./m².
Both treatments caused mosquito mortality indoors and outdoors (collected inside house curtains) as a result of contact with treated surfaces before and after feeding, but had no significant impact on overall population density of An. albimanus resting indoors or assessed by human bait collections. Contact bioassays showed that WP and LV treatments with lambda-cyhalothrin were effective for 12–20 weeks (>75% mortality) without causing excito-repellency.
Compared to the WP treatment (8 houses/man/day), LV treatment (25 houses/man/day) was more than 3 times quicker per house, potentially saving 68% of labour costs. This is offset, however, by the much lower unit price of a compression sprayer (e.g. Hudson 'X-pert' at US120) than a mist-blower (e.g. 'Super Jolly' at US350), and higher running costs for LV applications. It was calculated, therefore, that LV becomes more economical than WP after 18.8 treatments/100 houses/10 men at equivalent rates of application, or after 7.6 spray rounds with half-rate LV applications.     

不同抗药性品系甜菜夜蛾呼吸速率的比较

以甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)敏感品系(SS)及高效氯氟氰菊酯选育的抗性品系(RR)和近等基因系-抗性品系(NILs-RR)幼虫为试虫,在25±1℃,相对湿度70%,光照强度3 000 lx,光周期14L∶10D的条件下测定了3～5龄幼虫呼吸速率的变化。结果表明,抗性品系与敏感品系的同龄期甜菜夜蛾幼虫在不受药条件下的呼吸速率差异不显著,因此抗性水平的提高并未相应引起甜菜夜蛾本底呼吸速率的变化。高效氯氟氰菊酯处理幼虫后,各品系的呼吸速率均随剂量的提高而相应提高,以各品系相应LC₂₀和LC₅₀剂量处理后的呼吸速率,NIL_S-RR明显高于RR,两者又明显高于SS品系。两个抗性品系呼吸速率峰期均出现在药后5 h,而敏感品系出现在药后2 h;敏感品系保持较高呼吸速率的时间短,而抗性品系维持高水平呼吸速率的时间长,分别于药后15 h和24 h恢复到正常水平,这表明用药后抗性品系呼吸速率的提高幅度与代谢解毒能力存在一定相关性。     

A faunistic approach to assess potential side-effects of genetically modified Bt-Corn on non-target arthropods under field conditions

A faunistic study investigating the potential side-effects of corn (Zea mays) genetically modified to express a truncated Cry1Ab protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, on non-target arthropods was carried out under field conditions. The communities of non-target arthropods in the soil, on the leaves and flying in the crop area were monitored throughout the growing season. Water-treated, untransformed corn served as a control, and a spray application of a bacterial Bt insecticide (Delfin WG) and a synthetic insecticide (Karate Xpress) used to control the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) acted as positive reference treatments. Results were analyzed using a principal response curve. Significantly lower infestations by the lepidopteran target species O. nubilalis were observed in the Bt-corn plots compared to the control. No effects of Bt-corn on the communities of soil dwelling and non-target plant dwelling arthropods were observed. A trend towards a community effect on flying arthropods was observed with lower abundance of adult Lepidoptera, flies in the families Lonchopteridae, Mycetophilidae and Syrphidae, and the hymenopteran parasitoids Ceraphronidae. Effects were weak and restricted to two sampling dates corresponding to anthesis. A short but statistically significant effect of Karate Xpress and Delfin was observed on the community of plant dwellers and a prolonged effect of Karate Xpress on the soil dwellers.     

斜纹夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯不同抗性水平与解毒代谢酶的关系

为探讨斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)对氯氟氰菊酯抗性水平与解毒代谢酶之间的关系, 以泰安郊区对氯氟氰菊酯抗性为543.7倍的斜纹夜蛾田间种群为材料, 研究了药剂汰选与否的抗性动态及不同抗性水平的解毒代谢酶活性变化。结果表明: 室内继代饲养至第30代, 不接触任何药剂的抗性下降至102.3倍, 用氯氟氰菊酯汰选28代后, 抗性上升到3 049.3倍, 而在药剂汰选至第14代, 抗性已至2 593.8倍时, 停止用氯氟氰菊酯汰选, 到第30代的抗性又降至786.3倍。表明斜纹夜蛾抗氯氟氰菊酯田间种群, 在无药剂选择压力时抗性水平会显著下降, 继续给予药剂汰选会使抗性水平显著上升。检测斜纹夜蛾田间种群5龄幼虫中肠酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性, 发现与敏感种群有显著性差异, 而多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性与敏感种群的差异不明显; 给予氯氟氰菊酯药剂汰选, 酯酶、谷胱甘肽S 转移酶和多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基3种酶的活性均呈显著增加趋势; 停止用氯氟氰菊酯汰选后, 3种酶的活性又呈显著下降趋势; 不接触任何药剂, 随着饲养世代数的增加, 其酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性也呈下降趋势。结果提示斜纹夜蛾幼虫酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性的提高是斜纹夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯抗性上升的重要原因。     

甜菜夜蛾抗氯氟氰菊酯品系相对适合度、抗性生化机理及抗性遗传方式

比较了甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua 抗氯氟氰菊酯品系和敏感品系的繁殖和生长发育特征。结果表明：抗性品系幼虫发育历期延长、蛹重减轻、化蛹率和产卵量降低,抗性品系的适合度为0.61,抗性品系在繁殖和生长发育上存在明显的生存劣势。用两品系3龄幼虫分别测定胡椒基丁醚（PBO）、增效磷SV₁）、脱叶磷（DEF）和顺丁烯二酸二乙酯（DEM）对氯氟氰菊酯的增效作用,抗性品系增效倍数与敏感品系增效倍数之比分别为14.1、14.8、2.3和2.3倍,胡椒基丁醚和增效磷对氯氟氰菊酯增效作用最明显,表明多功能氧化酶参与了甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性。抗性品系3龄幼虫酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的活性分别为敏感品系的1.05倍和0.91倍, 抗性品系5龄幼虫多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基活性为敏感品系的1.05倍,两品系间3种酶的活性差异不显著,表明甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性与酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶及多功能氧化酶O-脱甲基酶活性无关。用剂量对数死亡机率值回归线分析法研究甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性遗传规律,表明甜菜夜蛾对氯氟氰菊酯的抗性为常染色体遗传、多基因控制;正、反交后代的显性度分别为0.61和0.43,抗性遗传为不完全显性。     

高效氯氟氰菊酯和噻虫嗪对红火蚁的室内毒力

[背景]高效氯氟氰菊酯和噻虫嗪是农业上常用的杀虫剂。[方法]在室内测定了0.25 g·L-1高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂和0.01%噻虫嗪胶饵对红火蚁的毒力。[结果]高效氯氟氰菊酯微囊悬浮剂对红火蚁有良好的触杀作用,触杀时间短,致死量大,具备毒力传导作用;噻虫嗪胶饵能通过虫体间交哺传导毒力,室内防治整巢红火蚁效果可达93.50%以上。[结论与意义]这2种药剂都具有有效防治红火蚁的潜力。     

Cost-comparison of DDT and alternative insecticides for malaria control

In anti-malaria operations the use of DDT for indoor residual spraying has declined substantially over the past 30years, but this insecticide is still considered valuable for malaria control, mainly because of its low cost relative to alternative insecticides. Despite the development of resistance to DDT in some populations of malaria vector Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), DDT remains generally effective when used for house-spraying against most species of Anopheles, due to excitorepellency as well as insecticidal effects. A 1990 cost comparison by the World Health Organization (WHO) found DDT to be considerably less expensive than other insecticides, which cost 2 to 23 times more on the basis of cost per house per 6 months of control. To determine whether such a cost advantage still prevails for DDT, this paper compares recent price quotes from manufacturers and WHO suppliers for DDT and appropriate formulations of nine other insecticides (two carbamates, two organophosphates and five pyrethroids) commonly used for residual house-spraying in malaria control programmes. Based on these 'global' price quotes, detailed calculations show that DDT is still the least expensive insecticide on a cost per house basis, although the price appears to be rising as DDT production declines. At the same time, the prices of pyrethroids are declining, making some only slightly more expensive than DDT at low application dosages. Other costs, including operations (labour), transportation and human safety may also increase the price advantages of DDT and some pyrethroids vs. organophosphates and carbamates, although possible environmental impacts from DDT remain a concern. However, a global cost comparison may not realistically reflect local costs or effective application dosages at the country level. Recent data on insecticide prices paid by the health ministries of individual countries showed that prices of particular insecticides can vary substantially in the open market. Therefore, the most cost-effective insecticide in any given country or region must be determined on a case-by-case basis. Regional coordination of procurement of public health insecticides could improve access to affordable products.     

Differential application of lambda-cyhalothrin to control the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis

Abstract. To study the impact of residual pyrethroid insecticide on the abundance and distribution of peridomestic Lutzomyia longipalpis , the sandfly vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil, lambda-cyhalothrin was applied at 20 mg a.i.m^-2 in the following interventions: (i) spraying of all animal pens in a village (blanket coverage); (ii) treatment of a subset of animal pens, either by spraying, or by installation of insecticide-impregnated 1 m² cotton sheets as 'targets' (focal coverage).
By sampling with CDC light traps, and using a novel analytical approach, we detected a 90% reduction in Lu. longipalpis abundance in sprayed sheds of the focal intervention. However, there was no discernible effect on the abundance of other phlebotomines trapped in sheds, or on the abundance of Lu. longipalpis in untreated dining-huts and houses. This differential impact on Ludongipalpis abundance is explained in terms of the disruption of male pheromone production. Treated targets were approximately half as effective as residual spraying in reducing the abundance of Lu.longipalpis in sheds.
Following blanket intervention, the abundance of Lu.longipalpis in traps fell by only 45% (not significant): catches at untreated dining-huts actually increased, possibly because the blanket coverage diverted Lu. longipalpis away from major aggregation sites at animal pens. It is recommended that care be taken during vector control programmes to ensure that all potential aggregation sites are treated. The possible consequences of leaving some sites untreated include poor control of peridomestic sandfly abundance and an increase in the biting rate on dogs and humans.