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1.
Role of Flippases,Scramblases and Transfer Proteins in Phosphatidylserine Subcellular Distribution 下载免费PDF全文
Hannah M. Hankins Ryan D. Baldridge Peng Xu Todd R. Graham 《Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark)》2015,16(1):35-47
It is well known that lipids are heterogeneously distributed throughout the cell. Most lipid species are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then distributed to different cellular locations in order to create the distinct membrane compositions observed in eukaryotes. However, the mechanisms by which specific lipid species are trafficked to and maintained in specific areas of the cell are poorly understood and constitute an active area of research. Of particular interest is the distribution of phosphatidylserine (PS), an anionic lipid that is enriched in the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane. PS transport occurs by both vesicular and non‐vesicular routes, with members of the oxysterol‐binding protein family (Osh6 and Osh7) recently implicated in the latter route. In addition, the flippase activity of P4‐ATPases helps build PS membrane asymmetry by preferentially translocating PS to the cytosolic leaflet. This asymmetric PS distribution can be used as a signaling device by the regulated activation of scramblases, which rapidly expose PS on the extracellular leaflet and play important roles in blood clotting and apoptosis. This review will discuss recent advances made in the study of phospholipid flippases, scramblases and PS‐specific lipid transfer proteins, as well as how these proteins contribute to subcellular PS distribution. 相似文献
2.
Dionne C.G. Klein Astrid Skjesol Esther D. Kers‐Rebel Tatyana Sherstova Bjrnar Sporsheim Kjartan W. Egeberg Bjrn T. Stokke Terje Espevik Harald Husebye 《Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark)》2015,16(7):677-690
Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) is responsible for the immediate response to Gram‐negative bacteria and signals via two main pathways by recruitment of distinct pairs of adaptor proteins. Mal‐MyD88 [Mal (MyD88‐adaptor‐like) ‐ MYD88 (Myeloid differentiation primary response gene (88))] is recruited to the plasma membrane to initiate the signaling cascade leading to production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines while TRAM‐TRIF [TRAM (TRIF‐related adaptor molecule)‐TRIF (TIR‐domain‐containing adapter‐inducing interferon‐β)] is recruited to early endosomes to initiate the subsequent production of type I interferons. We have investigated the dynamics of TLR4 and TRAM during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. We found that LPS induced a CD14‐dependent immobile fraction of TLR4 in the plasma membrane. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRF) revealed that LPS stimulation induced clustering of TLR4 into small punctate structures in the plasma membrane containing CD14/LPS and clathrin, both in HEK293 cells and the macrophage model cell line U373‐CD14. These results suggest that laterally immobilized TLR4 receptor complexes are being formed and prepared for endocytosis. RAB11A was found to be involved in localizing TRAM to the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC) and to early sorting endosomes. Moreover, CD14/LPS but not TRAM was immobilized on RAB11A‐positive endosomes, which indicates that TRAM and CD14/LPS can independently be recruited to endosomes. 相似文献
3.
华北低丘山地人工林蒸散的控制因子 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
人工林蒸散的影响机制研究对指导我国林业生态工程建设有重要意义。基于涡度相关技术,对华北低丘山区30年生栓皮栎-刺槐-侧柏人工混交林进行了连续2a的观测,以探讨蒸散的控制因子。结果表明:退耦系数(Ω)与冠层导度的季节动态有很好的一致性。2007、2008年的快速生长季Ω变化范围分别为0.12—0.62、0.08—0.54,平均值分别为0.37、0.23,快速生长季蒸散主要受气孔控制。2008年比2007年偏旱,该年快速生长季的退耦系数、冠层导度和蒸散低于2007年,发生干旱时蒸散主要受气孔限制。气孔对蒸散的限制作用在大气湿度较低时较高,并且这种限制作用在发生干旱时会进一步加剧。快速生长季内辐射是影响蒸散的主要环境因子,辐射资源丰富的年份气孔对蒸散的控制程度更高。 相似文献
4.
基于效益分摊的水电水足迹计算方法——以密云水库为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着中国经济的飞速发展,可再生能源的开发利用已经被提到重要的议事日程,其中水力发电是重中之重。但水力发电过程也消耗大量的水资源,使得水电水足迹的核算成为当前水足迹研究热点。多功能水库同时具有发电、供水、防洪、旅游、水产等多种生态系统服务功能。传统水足迹核算方法往往将水库的水足迹等同于水电水足迹,忽略了水库的多功能性,因而高估了水电的水足迹。对传统水电水足迹的核算方法进行了改进,考虑到水库不同的生态系统服务功能,加入了水电效益分摊系数这一指标,将水电水足迹从水库水足迹中分离出来。以华北最大水库北京密云水库为例,采用传统的方法和改进的方法计算了密云水库1988—2004年水电水足迹。研究结果显示:倘若不考虑效益分摊,按照传统的方法,密云水库1988—2004年平均水电水足迹为897 m3/GJ;按照效益分摊的方法计算得到的平均水电水足迹为127 m3/GJ,仅为不考虑效益分摊情况下计算的水电水足迹的14%。水力发电是密云水库初期建设的主要目的,但自1998年之后发电量逐年减少,近年来基本不发电。传统方法下的2004年单位水电水足迹为4529.5 m3/GJ,为单位水电水足迹最大的年份;但应用改进方法后该年的单位水电水足迹仅为67.3 m3/GJ,反而成为单位水电水足迹最大的年份。考虑效益分摊更能够体现水电水足迹的真实情况,为多功能水库水电水足迹核算提供了新的思路和方法。 相似文献
5.
6.
In theory, adaptive divergence can increase intrinsic post‐zygotic reproductive isolation (RI), either directly via selection on loci associated with RI, or indirectly via linkage of incompatibility loci with loci under selection. To test this hypothesis, we measured RI at five intrinsic post‐zygotic reproductive barriers between 18 taxa from the genera Cakile and Erucaria (Brassicaceae). Using a comparative framework, we tested whether the magnitude of RI was associated with genetic distance, geographic distance, ecological divergence and parental mating system. Early stages of post‐zygotic RI related to F1 viability (i.e. initial seed set) tended to be stronger than later stages related to F1 fecundity (i.e. flower number, fruit number). Mating system significantly influenced early stages of RI, such that RI was lowest when the mother was selfing and father was outcrossing, consistent with an imbalance between sink strength and resistance to provisioning. We found little evidence that adaptive divergence accelerates the evolution of intrinsic post‐zygotic RI, consistent with a nonecological model of evolution that predicts the nonlinear accumulation of RI and RI asymmetry with time (i.e. genetic distance), irrespective of adaptive divergence. Thus, although certain aspects of ecological divergence do not appear to have contributed strongly to the evolution of RI in this system, divergence in mating system actually reduced RI, suggesting that mating system evolution may play a significant role in speciation dynamics. 相似文献
7.
Teoman Kankılıç Perinçek Seçkinozan Şeker Tolga Kankılıç Kubilay Toyran Jan Zima 《Zoology in the Middle East.》2017,63(3):181-188
A new karyotype for blind mole rats was recorded in Tunceli province in Eastern Turkey. The karyotype contained 44 chromosomes, including 13 biarmed pairs, 7 acrocentric pairs, and one heteromorphic pair with a submetacentric and an acrocentric homologue in the autosomal complement (FNa=69). The X chromosome was submetacentric and the Y chromosome medium-sized subtelocentric (FN=73). Distinct dark centromeric C-bands were observed on most of the biarmed and three pairs of the acrocentric autosomes. The NORs were detected on short arms of three subtelocentric pairs and one acrocentric pair of autosomes. The diploid number of chromosomes and the karyotype characteristics observed are obviously unique among hitherto studied populations of blind mole rats and the complement can be evaluated as a new chromosome race of Nannospalax xanthodon. The distribution ranges of individual chromosome races of the species recorded in Eastern Anatolia are revised and possible interracial hybridization is discussed in respect of the finding of a new race. 相似文献
8.
Metadel K. Abera Pieter Verboven Thijs Defraeye Solomon Workneh Fanta Maarten L. A. T. M. Hertog Jan Carmeliet Bart M. Nicolai 《Annals of botany》2014,114(4):605-617
Background and Aims
The importance of cell division models in cellular pattern studies has been acknowledged since the 19th century. Most of the available models developed to date are limited to symmetric cell division with isotropic growth. Often, the actual growth of the cell wall is either not considered or is updated intermittently on a separate time scale to the mechanics. This study presents a generic algorithm that accounts for both symmetrically and asymmetrically dividing cells with isotropic and anisotropic growth. Actual growth of the cell wall is simulated simultaneously with the mechanics.Methods
The cell is considered as a closed, thin-walled structure, maintained in tension by turgor pressure. The cell walls are represented as linear elastic elements that obey Hooke''s law. Cell expansion is induced by turgor pressure acting on the yielding cell-wall material. A system of differential equations for the positions and velocities of the cell vertices as well as for the actual growth of the cell wall is established. Readiness to divide is determined based on cell size. An ellipse-fitting algorithm is used to determine the position and orientation of the dividing wall. The cell vertices, walls and cell connectivity are then updated and cell expansion resumes. Comparisons are made with experimental data from the literature.Key Results
The generic plant cell division algorithm has been implemented successfully. It can handle both symmetrically and asymmetrically dividing cells coupled with isotropic and anisotropic growth modes. Development of the algorithm highlighted the importance of ellipse-fitting to produce randomness (biological variability) even in symmetrically dividing cells. Unlike previous models, a differential equation is formulated for the resting length of the cell wall to simulate actual biological growth and is solved simultaneously with the position and velocity of the vertices.Conclusions
The algorithm presented can produce different tissues varying in topological and geometrical properties. This flexibility to produce different tissue types gives the model great potential for use in investigations of plant cell division and growth in silico. 相似文献9.
本文报道了云南8种树桂的染色体组型,并对目前所已知的树蛙种类的染色体组型进行了比较。锯腿小树蛙Philautuscavirostris(Guenther)的2n=26,5对大染色体和8对小染色体,9M+4SM,NF=52,No.7长臂近着丝粒处和No.8短臂端部备有一个次缢痕;白颊小树蛙Phi.palpebralisSmith的2n=26,5对人染色体和8对小染色体,8M+5SM,NF=52,No.6短臂近着丝粒处有一个次缢痕。白颌大树蛙Rha.maximusGuenther的2n=26,5对大染色体和8对小染色体,9M+4SM,NF=52;棕褶树蛙Rha.feaeBoulenger的2n=26,5对大染色体和8对小染色体,9M+4SM,NF=52;黑蹼树蛙Rha.reinwardtii(Boie)的2n=26,5对大染色体和8对小染色体,9M+4SM,NF=52,Mo.1短臂近着丝粒处有一个次缢痕;红蹼树蛙Rha.rhodopusLiuetHu的2n=26,5对大染色体,1对中染色体和7对小染色体,9M+4SM,NF=52;斑腿泛树蛙Polypedatesmegacephalus的2n=26,5对大染色体 相似文献
10.
Decreased nutrition has been proposed as a potential mechanism leading to intervertebral disc degeneration. A method to investigate it in vivo is the MRI evaluation of the transport of a paramagnetic contrast agent, which is assumed to diffuse through the endplate to the disc using the same mechanisms as the cell nutrients. However, previous numerical studies questioned the value of this method as a model to investigate disc nutrition. To assess its validity, a parametric osmoporoelastic finite element model of a lumbar intervertebral disc incorporating diffusion and convection of a solute (representing the contrast agent) was developed. A Taguchi sensitivity analysis was performed in order to assess the relevance of various parameters which influence the solute transport. Subsequently, a full-factorial sensitivity analysis was used to investigate specifically the diffusion coefficients of the contrast agent. The most important parameters in determining the results were the disc height, the diffusion coefficients and the pharmacokinetic of the contrast agent. However, diffusion coefficients values as measured in in vitro studies would lead to insubstantial enhancement of the MRI signal. Thus, transport mechanisms other than pure diffusion should be active in in vivo transport of the contrast agent. In conclusion, the study showed that post-contrast MRI may not be suited for a quantitative analysis, but only for a qualitative examination aimed for example to detect endplate lesions. Open questions remain on the use of post-contrast MRI for the investigation of the relevance of reduced nutrition as a trigger to disc degeneration. 相似文献