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The regulation of intracellular Ca2 + triggers a multitude of vital processes in biological cells. Ca2 + permeable ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are the biggest known ion channels and play a key role in the regulation of intracellular calcium concentrations, particularly in muscle cells. In this study, we construct a computational model of the pore region of the skeletal RyR and perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The dynamics and distribution of Ca2 + around the luminal pore entry of the RyR suggest that Ca2 + ions are channeled to the pore entry due to the arrangement of (acidic) amino acids at the extramembrane surface of the protein. This efficient mechanism of Ca2 + supply is thought to be part of the mechanism of Ca2 + conductance of RyRs. Viral myocarditis is predominantly caused by coxsackie viruses that induce the expression of the protein 2B which is known to affect intracellular Ca2 + homeostasis in infected cells. From our sequence comparison, it is hypothesized, that modulation of RyR could be due to replacement of its transmembrane domains (TMDs) by those domains of the viral channel forming protein 2B of coxsackie virus. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Viral Membrane Proteins — Channels for Cellular Networking.  相似文献   
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A label-free fluorescent DNA sensor for the detection of lead ions (Pb2+) based on lead(II)-stabilized G-quadruplex formation is proposed in this article. A guanine (G)-rich oligonucleotide, T30695, was used as a recognition probe, and a DNA intercalator, SYBR Green I (SG), was used as a signal reporter. In the absence of Pb2+, the SG intercalated with the single-stranded random-coil T30695 and emitted strong fluorescence. While in the presence of Pb2+, the random-coil T30695 would fold into a G-quadruplex structure and the SG could barely show weak fluorescence, and the fluorescence intensity was inversely proportional to the involving amount of Pb2+. Based on this, a selective lead ion sensor with a limit of detection of 3.79 ppb (parts per billion) and a detection range from 0 to 600 ppb was constructed. Because detection for real samples was also demonstrated to be reliable, this simple, low-cost, sensitive, and selective sensor holds good potential for Pb2+ detection in real environmental samples.  相似文献   
4.
里那醇可诱导植物产生防御物质从而阻止昆虫及病原菌的伤害。本文以拟南芥植株为材料,研究了里那醇对小菜蛾取食选择性的影响,测定了里那醇处理下小菜蛾生长量及存活率。采用非损伤微测技术分别检测了里那醇熏蒸及未熏蒸拟南芥对小菜蛾口腔分泌物及里那醇瞬时处理的植株叶片跨膜Ca2+和H+流的变化。结果表明,小菜蛾幼虫对里那醇熏蒸处理的植株选择性较差,用里那醇熏蒸后的拟南芥植株喂养小菜蛾幼虫,幼虫的生长量及存活率均低于对照组。小菜蛾口腔分泌物和里那醇熏蒸处理均导致拟南芥叶组织跨膜ca2+和H+离子迅速外流,且小菜蛾口腔分泌物的作用更大。而对照中ca2+和H+离子流整体均无明显变化。研究结果证明里那醇作为防御信号参与了拟南芥对昆虫的防御反应,叶组织跨膜ca2+和H+离子流变化可能是拟南芥识别昆虫口腔分泌物与里那醇两种不同刺激的初始信号。  相似文献   
5.
The 3-dimensional optimization of the electrostatic interactions between the charged amino acid residues was studied by Monte Carlo simulations on an extended representative set of 141 protein structures with known atomic coordinates. The proteins were classified by different functional and structural criteria, and the optimization of the electrostatic interactions was analyzed. The optimization parameters were obtained by comparison of the contribution of charge-charge interactions to the free energy of the native protein structures and for a large number of randomly distributed charge constellations obtained by the Monte Carlo technique. On the basis of the results obtained, one can conclude that the charge-charge interactions are better optimized in the enzymes than in the proteins without enzymatic functions. Proteins that belong to the mixed αβ folding type are electrostatically better optimized than pure α-helical or β-strand structures. Proteins that are stabilized by disulfide bonds show a lower degree of electrostatic optimization. The electrostatic interactions in a native protein are effectively optimized by rejection of the conformers that lead to repulsive charge-charge interactions. Particularly, the rejection of the repulsive contacts seems to be a major goal in the protein folding process. The dependence of the optimization parameters on the choice of the potential function was tested. The majority of the potential functions gave practically identical results.  相似文献   
6.
The lateral leaflets of Desmodium motorium exhibit rhythmic upward and downward movements with a period in the minute range. Apoplasmic K+ and H+ activities were monitored in situ in the abaxial part of the pulvini with ion-selective microelectrodes. An extracellular electric potential was recorded simultaneously. The apoplasmic H+ activity of all pulvini exhibiting a regular rhythm of the extracellular electric potential oscillated with the same period between about 10 and 20 mM. The apoplasmic K+ activity was high when the membrane potential of the motor cells was depolarized (about 36 mV) and the cells were shrunken. In contrast, the apoplasmic K+ activity was low in the swollen state of the motor cells, when the membrane potential was hyperpolarized (about -136 mV). The volatile anesthetic enflurane suppressed reversibly the movement of the leaflets. The same treatment also arrested spontaneous oscillations in the apoplasmic K+ activity in the pulvinus. The apoplasmic K+ activity oscillated roughly in phase with the K+ activity between pH 6.6 and 6.0. Application of white light disturbed the rhythm and increased the extracellular pH. Our results indicate that the physiological mechanism that drives the lateral leaflet movements of Desmodium motorium is closely related to the osmotic motors mediating the leaf movements of Mimosa, Samanea and Phaseolus.Abbreviations Em membrane potential - Eex extracellular electric potential - Hex extracellular H+ activity - Kex extracellular K+ activity - Rex extracellular electrical resistance B. Antkowiak was supported by the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk.  相似文献   
7.
Proliferating axillary shoots of the difficult-to-root apple cultivar Jonathan acquired an enhanced ability to form adventitious roots with increasing number of subcultures in vitro. The transition between the difficult-to-root and the easy-to-root condition occurred at the fourth subculture.Endogenous levels of free IAA and ABA in shoot tissues were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/single ion monitoring (GC/MS/SIM) using negative ion chemical ionisation. Tissues from the mother plants grown in the glasshouse contained more IAA and ABA than those from tissue-culture material. After establishment in vitro there was no variation in the IAA content throughout the subcultures but a decrease in ABA content was observed after the fourth transfer. The IAA/ABA ratio increased from 0.2 in difficult-to-root shoots from the initial culture up to 0.7 in easy-to-root shoots from the long-term subculture.  相似文献   
8.
Summary The changes in Na current during development were studied in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Cells obtained from rats 1–3 and 5–8 days after birth were cultured and their Na currents were compared. On top of the two types of Na currents reported in these cells (fast-FA current and slow-S current) a new fast current was found (FN). The main characteristics of the three currents are: (i) The voltages of activation are –37, –36, and –23 mV for the FN, FA and S currents, respectively. (ii) The activation and inactivation kinetics of FN and FA currents are about five times faster than those of the S current. (iii) The voltages at which inactivation reaches 50% are –139, –75 and –23 mV for the FN, FA and S currents, respectively.The kinetics and voltage-dependent parameters of the three currents and their density do not change during the first eight days after birth. However, their relative frequency in the cells changes. In the 1–3 day-old rats the precent of cells with S, FA, and mixed S+FN currents is 22, 18, and 60% of the cells, respectively. In the 5–8 day-old, the percent of cells with S, FA, and FN+S is 10, 66 and 22%. The relative increase in the frequency of cells with FA current during development can contribute to the ease of action potential generation compared with cells with FN currents, which are almost completely inactivated under physiological conditions. The predominance of FA cells also results in a significant decrease in the relative frequency of cells with the high-threshold, slow current.Antibodies directed against a part of the S4 region of internal repeat I of the sodium channel (C 1 + , amino acids 210–223, eel channel numbering) were found to shift the voltage dependence of FA current inactivation (but not of FN or S currents) to more negative potentials. The effect was found only when the antibodies were applied externally. The results suggest that FN, FA and S types of Na currents are generated by channels, which are different in the topography of the C 1 + region in the membrane.  相似文献   
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Scavenger receptor Class B type 1 (SR-B1) is a lipid transporter and sensor. In intestinal epithelial cells, SR-B1-dependent lipid sensing is associated with SR-B1 recruitment in raft-like/ detergent-resistant membrane domains and interaction of its C-terminal transmembrane domain with plasma membrane cholesterol. To clarify the initiating events occurring during lipid sensing by SR-B1, we analyzed cholesterol trafficking and raft-like domain composition in intestinal epithelial cells expressing wild-type SR-B1 or the mutated form SR-B1-Q445A, defective in membrane cholesterol binding and signal initiation. These features of SR-B1 were found to influence both apical cholesterol efflux and intracellular cholesterol trafficking from plasma membrane to lipid droplets, and the lipid composition of raft-like domains. Lipidomic analysis revealed likely participation of d18:0/16:0 sphingomyelin and 16:0/0:0 lysophosphatidylethanolamine in lipid sensing by SR-B1. Proteomic analysis identified proteins, whose abundance changed in raft-like domains during lipid sensing, and these included molecules linked to lipid raft dynamics and signal transduction. These findings provide new insights into the role of SR-B1 in cellular cholesterol homeostasis and suggest molecular links between SR-B1-dependent lipid sensing and cell cholesterol and lipid droplet dynamics.  相似文献   
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