全文获取类型
收费全文 | 10074篇 |
免费 | 1334篇 |
国内免费 | 1091篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 249篇 |
2022年 | 189篇 |
2021年 | 334篇 |
2020年 | 545篇 |
2019年 | 558篇 |
2018年 | 489篇 |
2017年 | 585篇 |
2016年 | 556篇 |
2015年 | 525篇 |
2014年 | 554篇 |
2013年 | 637篇 |
2012年 | 464篇 |
2011年 | 478篇 |
2010年 | 440篇 |
2009年 | 495篇 |
2008年 | 600篇 |
2007年 | 629篇 |
2006年 | 576篇 |
2005年 | 476篇 |
2004年 | 412篇 |
2003年 | 367篇 |
2002年 | 404篇 |
2001年 | 326篇 |
2000年 | 276篇 |
1999年 | 228篇 |
1998年 | 213篇 |
1997年 | 154篇 |
1996年 | 91篇 |
1995年 | 118篇 |
1994年 | 80篇 |
1993年 | 75篇 |
1992年 | 63篇 |
1991年 | 42篇 |
1990年 | 41篇 |
1989年 | 38篇 |
1988年 | 25篇 |
1987年 | 28篇 |
1986年 | 24篇 |
1985年 | 23篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 24篇 |
1981年 | 9篇 |
1980年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1958年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Wetlands exist in complex ecological conditions that are changeable in time and space in terms of function and structural diversity. In recent decades, wetlands have been exposed to a wide range of threats. Assessment of these threats is essential to develop an understanding of the state of a wetland ecosystem and to develop a suitable management strategy. This paper discusses wetland vulnerability in terms of analysis of human and environmental systems from application of the driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) framework. This assessment presented a systematic methodology for assessment of wetland vulnerability in a social-ecological approach applying broad-scale ecosystem services and vulnerability functions. The method combined the hydro-geomorphic approach with estimations of vulnerability indicators and DPSIR analysis. The aim of this paper was to assess vulnerability of wetland ecosystem services and to characterize the threat indicators according to importance, severity, and probability of occurrence. Quantitative and qualitative methods were applied to characterize values for these three indicators. The Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method was used to prioritize threats and impacts of the wetland on the basis of experts’ opinions. The proposed methodology was applied to the Choghakhor international wetland landscape in south-western Iran. Vulnerability assessment revealed that water requirement of the lowland and the water transfer system were the most important factors threatening the wetland. Agricultural activities, settlements and urban areas, drought, tourism, population growth, and mining activities in the upland were the next most important priorities, in that order. Hydrological balance was determined as the most vulnerable function and was considered as the most important function in the Choghakhor wetland. The DPSIR model was used to determine a management strategy to reduce vulnerability of ecosystem services in response to drivers, pressures, states and impacts indicated by modelling. 相似文献
2.
An invasive tree facilitates the persistence of native rodents on an over‐grazed floodplain in tropical Australia 下载免费PDF全文
Georgia Ward‐Fear Gregory P. Brown David J. Pearson Richard Shine 《Austral ecology》2017,42(4):385-393
In an ecosystem under simultaneous threat from multiple alien species, one invader may buffer the impact of another. Our surveys on a remote floodplain in the Kimberley region of north western Australia show that invasive chinee apple trees (Ziziphus mauritiana) provide critical refuge habitat for native rodents (pale field rats, Rattus tunneyi). Feral horses (Equus caballus) have trampled most of the remaining floodplain, but are excluded from the area around each chinee apple tree by thorny foliage. Although chinee apple trees constituted <10% of trees along our transects, they represented >50% of trees that harboured rat burrows. The mean number of burrows under each chinee apple tree was twice as high as under most other tree species, and we trapped more than seven times as many rats under chinee apple trees as under other types of trees. The extensive burrow systems under chinee apple trees contained female as well as male rats, whereas we only captured males around the smaller burrow systems under other tree species. Our data suggest that this invasive tree plays a critical role in the persistence of pale field rat populations in this degraded ecosystem, and that managers should maintain these trees (despite their alien origins) at least until feral horses have been removed. 相似文献
3.
4.
5.
6.
Jacob M. Jungers Craig C. Sheaffer Joseph Fargione Clarence Lehman 《Global Change Biology Bioenergy》2015,7(5):1050-1061
High yields are a priority in managing biomass for renewable energy, but the environmental impacts of various feedstocks and production systems should be equally considered. Mixed‐species, perennial grasslands enrolled in conservation programs are being considered as a source of biomass for renewable energy. Conservation grasslands are crucial in sustaining native biodiversity throughout the US Upper Midwest, and the effects of biomass harvest on biodiversity are largely unknown. We measured the effect of late‐season biomass harvest on plant community composition in conservation grasslands in three regions of Minnesota, USA from 2009 to 2012. Temporal trends in plant species composition within harvested grasslands were compared to unharvested grasslands using mixed effects models. A before‐after control‐impact approach using effect sizes was applied to focus on pre‐ and postharvest conditions. Production‐scale biomass harvest did not affect plant species richness, species or functional group diversity, nor change the relative abundance of the main plant functional groups. Differences in the relative abundances of plant functional groups were observed across locations; and at some locations, changed through time. The proportion of non‐native species remained constant, while the proportion of noxious weeds decreased through time in both harvested and unharvested grasslands at the central location. Ordination revealed patterns in species composition due to location, but not due to harvest treatment. Therefore, habitat and bioenergy characteristics related to grassland plant communities are not expected to change due to short‐term or intermittent late‐season biomass harvest. 相似文献
7.
Health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater of coal mining area: A case study in Dingji coal mine,Huainan coalfield,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Heavy metals enrichment in groundwater poses great ecological risks to human beings. In the present research work, a total of 59 groundwater samples from 12 sampling points in Dingji coal mine, Huainan coalfield, were collected and measured for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Mn, Cr, and Fe by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The human health risk caused by heavy metals through the pathway of drinking water was evaluated and analyzed using the US Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) evaluation model. It has been found that the carcinogenic risk values were between 1.05 × 10?5 and 3.5 × 10?4, all exceeding the maximum acceptable level recommended by the USEPA, and the carcinogenic risk of Cr accounted for 99.67% of the total carcinogenic risk. The non-carcinogenic health risk values were all lower than the negligible level given by the USEPA, and the contribution of non-carcinogenic health risk was in the order of Cr > Zn > Cu / Pb >Mn > Fe > Cd > Ni. Among them, Cr had the largest contribution, accounting for 36% of the total non-carcinogenic risk value. In this study, the carcinogenic risk constituted 99.99% of the total health risk, indicating that the total health risk essentially consisted of carcinogenic risk. The research results suggest that much more attention should be paid to the health risk caused by Cr in the groundwater. 相似文献
8.
Maria Tereza C. Thomé Kelly R. Zamudio Célio F. B. Haddad João Alexandrino 《Molecular ecology》2014,23(24):6152-6164
In this study, we investigated the relative contribution of geographic barriers and Pleistocene refuges in the diversification of the Rhinella crucifer species complex, a group of endemic toads with a widespread distribution in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (AF). We used intensive sampling and multilocus DNA sequence data to compare nucleotide diversity between refuge and nonrefuge areas, investigate regional demographic patterns, estimate demographic parameters related to genetic breaks and test refuge versus barrier scenarios of diversification using approximate Bayesian computation. We did not find higher levels of genetic diversity in putative refuge areas, either at regional or biome scale. Rather, the demographic history of the species complex supports regional differences with moderate population growth in the north and central regions and stability in southern AF. Genetic breaks were dated to the Plio–Pleistocene; however, our analyses rejected the role of refuges in creating a northern and central divergence, supporting a recent colonization scenario at a smaller scale within the central AF. Overall, our data rule out massive climatically driven fragmentation and large‐scale recolonization events for populations across the biome. We confirmed the importance of geographic barriers in creating main divergences and underscored the importance of searching for cryptic discontinuities in the landscape. Comparison of our results with those of other AF taxa indicates organismal specific responses to moderate shifts in habitat and that multiple refuges may constitute a more realistic model for diversification of Atlantic Forest biota. 相似文献
9.
转基因微生物生态学及大田释放风险评价研究 总被引:15,自引:4,他引:11
向环境中释放转基因微生物可能会带来一系列的安全问题.在大面积释放之前必须对转基因微生物在环境中发生基因转移的潜力、存活能力、扩散能力及对生态系统的潜在影响等进行生态学研究和风险评价,同时还要探索有效的检测方法和风险评价策略.该研究有助于分子生态学的发展和生物技术的安全应用,具有重要的理论和实践意义. 相似文献
10.
Flávia Correa Raffaini Alice Ramos Freitas Thalisson Saymo Oliveira Silva Tarsis Cavagioni Jessica Felix Oliveira Rubens Ferreira Albuquerque Junior 《Biofouling》2018,34(2):173-182
This cross-sectional study aimed to identify and quantify up to 42 target species colonizing the early biofilm of dental implants restored with titanium or zirconia abutments. A total of 720 samples from 20 healthy individuals were investigated. Biofilm samples were collected from the peri-implant sulci, inner parts of implants, abutment surfaces and prosthetic crowns over a functioning period of 30 days. Checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization was used for microbial detection and quantitation. Clinical characteristics (probing depth, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level and marginal bone loss) were also investigated during the monitoring period. Genome counts were low at the implant loading time point for both the abutment materials, and increased over time. Both the titanium and the zirconia groups presented similar microbial counts and diversity over time, and the microbiota was very similar to that colonizing the remaining teeth. Clinical findings were consistent with a healthy condition with no significant difference regarding marginal bone loss between the two materials. 相似文献