Electrical impedance measurements made on white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, stems were related to shoot free sugar contents and to osmotic, turgor and water potential. During seasonal dormancy induction, there were commensurate increases in free sugar contents, osmotic potential at full turgor and impedance which resulted in linear relationships among these variables. When measured over the course of laboratory drying, impedance increased curvilinearly with decreasing relative water content. There was a linear increase in impedance with decreasing water potential, with a break point coincident with the turgor loss point, possibly attributed to disruption to current flow through broken plasmodesmatal connections between adjacent cells. This technique offers a non-destructive method to measure tissue free sugar content, and therefore, short- and long-term shifts in parameters historically derived from pressure-volume analysis. 相似文献
Ribosomal (r)RNA and rDNA have been golden molecular markers in microbial ecology. However, it remains poorly understood how ribotype copy number (CN)‐based characteristics are linked with diversity, abundance, and activity of protist populations and communities observed at organismal levels. Here, we applied a single‐cell approach to quantify ribotype CNs in two ciliate species reared at different temperatures. We found that in actively growing cells, the per‐cell rDNA and rRNA CNs scaled with cell volume (CV) to 0.44 and 0.58 powers, respectively. The modeled rDNA and rRNA concentrations thus appear to be much higher in smaller than in larger cells. The observed rRNA:rDNA ratio scaled with CV0.14. The maximum growth rate could be well predicted by a combination of per‐cell ribotype CN and temperature. Our empirical data and modeling on single‐cell ribotype scaling are in agreement with both the metabolic theory of ecology and the growth rate hypothesis, providing a quantitative framework for linking cellular rDNA and rRNA CNs with body size, growth (activity), and biomass stoichiometry. This study also demonstrates that the expression rate of rRNA genes is constrained by cell size, and favors biomass rather than abundance‐based interpretation of quantitative ribotype data in population and community ecology of protists. 相似文献
We compared various aspects of the seed biology of eight non-pioneer tree species from a tropical seasonal rain forest in
Xishuangbanna, SW China, that differ in time of dispersal, size and fresh seed moisture content (MC). Seeds were tested for
germination under laboratory conditions after dehydration to different moisture levels and under 3.5, 10 and 30% solar irradiances
in neutral-shade houses. For six species, germination was also compared in forest understory (3.5% light) and center of a
forest gap (32.5% light). Under continuous dehydration over activated silica gel, 100% of seeds of four species had lost the
ability to germinate after 48 h, and those of all species except Castanopsis hystrix (decreased from >90 to 30% germination) had lost the ability to germinate after 120 h. Four species did not differ in final
germination percentages at the three irradiances (i.e. uniform germination). However, final germination percentages of Horsfieldia pandurifolia and Litsea pierrei var. szemaois were significantly lower in 30% than in 10 or 3.5% light, and seeds of Antiaris toxicaria and C. hystrix germinated to higher percentages in 30 and 10% than in 3.5% light. Mean time to germination (MTG) of the eight species (forest
and shade house data combined) ranged from 5–5 days for Pometiatomentosa to 72–207days for L. pierrei; MTG for four species was ≤21 days. There was no obvious relationship between relative desiccation resistance and either
time of dispersal, MTG or uniformity of germination at the three light levels, or between seed size and MC or MTG. However,
the relationship between seed MC at maturity (25–60% fresh mass basis) and MC at 50% loss of seed viability (12.4–42.5%) was
significant. Seven of the species fit Garwood’s (Ecol Monogr 53:159–181, 1983) rapid-rainy germination syndrome and one, L. pierrei, either her delayed-rainy or intermediate-dry germination syndrome. However, fresh, non-dehydrated seeds of all eight species
germinated in ≤30 days at constant 30°C in light. 相似文献
Dryland salinity is caused by rising saline water tables, the result of relatively recent landscape-scale clearance of deep-rooted
vegetation. One obvious solution to this problem is the reintroduction of deep-rooted vegetation into these landscapes, most
likely non-deciduous trees. Ideally, continually-transpiring deep-rooted trees would remove moisture from throughout the soil
profile, increasing the capacity of the soil to store water, thus lowering water tables by effectively reducing the number
of rainfall events that contribute to groundwater recharge. In this study, we examined how water use by a Eucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Woolls plantation, growing in a salinity-prone landscape, varied in response to rainfall events across four years
of sap flux monitoring. Responses of the plantation were observed across multiple seasons, from above average to well below
average rainfall. We observed that the plantation forest, while capable of continuous water use during drought, was also quite
responsive to rainfall events. During the driest periods, during which shallow soil moisture was reduced to a stable minimum,
the forest continued using water at around 1 mm/day. Generally we observed increases in forest water use following only 5
mm of rainfall, in contrast to 20 mm for neighbouring native vegetation. We compared a range of plausible empirical models
for describing forest water use responses to rainfall. The best model demonstrated that rainfall size, post-rainfall PET and
the interaction between rainfall size and antecedent soil moisture made significant contributions to variation in forest water
use across rainfall events. Interestingly, the model showed that all else equal, higher antecedent soil moisture tended to
reduce potential increases in forest water use in response to rainfall. 相似文献
Four rumen and duodenum cannulated, Holstein lactating cows were used in a change-over design to determine the effects of NaOH, formaldehyde (HCHO) or urea treated barley on disappearance of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), amino acids (AA), NDF, ADF and starch of barley in the rumen, post-abomasal (PAT) and total tract by the mobile nylon bag technique. Experimental treatments were coarse milled barley, barley treated with 35 g NaOH/kg, barley treated with 4 g formaldehyde/kg and barley treated with 35 g urea/kg, in which all chemical treated barley was milled coarse before feeding.
NaOH treatment reduced concentrations of lysine and cystine in the barley grain. All chemical treatments decreased rumen disappearances of barley CP but only NaOH and formaldehyde treatments also decreased total AA and some of the AA disappearances in the rumen. All chemical treatments increased DM, OM, CP, starch, NDF and ADF disappearance of barley in the PAT, but only NaOH and formaldehyde treatments increased total AA and most individual AA disappearances in the PAT. Chemical treatments increased disappearance of starch, methionine and glycine in the total tract (P<0.05).
Rumen disappearance of TAA was lower than for CP but PAT disappearance of TAA was more than for CP and finally total tract disappearance of TAA was more than for CP. Individual AA in barley disappeared at different rates in the rumen and PAT. Consequently, the proportion of digesta CP and AAs of barley, entering the intestine were changed by the chemical treatments. We concluded that, appropriate treatment of barley with NaOH or HCHO were provided substantial protection of CP and individual AA from rumen digestion and increased disappearance of most of barley nutrients in PAT, but, NaOH treatment reduced the AA quality of barley. Consequently, formaldehyde can therefore be considered better than NaOH and urea for treatment of barley grain. 相似文献
The flower is the most significant and beautiful part of plants. Flowers are very useful organs in plant developmental phenomenon.
During flower bud opening, various events takes place in a well defined sequence, representing all aspects of plant development,
such as cell division, cellular differentiation, cell elongation or expansion and a wide spectrum of gene expression. The
complexity of flower bud opening illustrates that various biological mechanisms are involved at different stages. Senescence
represents the ultimate stage of floral development and results in wilting or abscission of whole flower or flower parts.
Senescence is an active process and governed by a well defined cell death program. Once a flower bud opens, the programmed
senescence of petal allows the removal of a metabolically active tissue. In leaves, this process can be reversed, but in floral
tissue it cannot, indicating that a highly controlled genetic program for cell death is operating. The termination of a flower
involves at least two, sometimes overlapping, mechanisms. In one, the perianth abscises before the majority of its cells initiate
a cell death program. Abscission may occur before or during the mobilization of food reserves to other parts of the plant.
Alternatively, the petals may be more persistent, so that cell deterioration and food remobilization occur while the petals
are still part of the flower. The overall pattern of floral opening varies widely between plant genera, therefore, a number
of senescence parameters have been used to group plants into somewhat arbitrary categories. Opening and senescence of rose
flower is still an unsolved jigsaw in the world of floriculture industry and the mechanism behind the onset of the very early
events in the sequence still remains to be elucidated. Hence, for advancing the knowledge on the pertinent aspect of bud opening
and senescence the literature has been cited under this review. 相似文献
In the developing wheat grain, photosynthate is transferred longitudinally along the crease phloem and then laterally into the endosperm cavity through the crease vascular parenchyma, pigment strand and nucellar projection. In order to clarify this cellular pathway of photosynthate unloading, and hence the controlling mechanism of grain filling, the potential for symplastic and apoplastic transfer was examined through structural and histochemical studies on these tissue types. It was found that cells in the crease region from the phloem to the nucellar projection are interconnected by numerous plasmodesmata and have dense cytoplasm with abundant mitochondria. Histochemical studies confirmed that, at the stage of grain development studied, an apoplastic barrier exists in the cell walls of the pigment strand. This barrier is composed of lignin, phenolics and suberin. The potential capacity for symplastic transfer, determined by measuring plasmodesmatal frequencies and computing potential sucrose fluxes through these plasmodesmata, indicated that there is sufficient plasmodesmatal cross-sectional area to support symplastic unloading of photosynthate at the rate required for normal grain growth. The potential capacity for membrane transport of sucrose to the apoplast was assessed by measuring plasma membrane surface areas of the various cell types and computing potential plasma membrane fluxes of sucrose. These fluxes indicated that the combined plasma membrane surface areas of the sieve element–companion cell (se–cc) complexes, vascular parenchyma and pigment strand are not sufficient to allow sucrose transfer to the apoplast at the observed rates. In contrast, the wall ingrowths of the transfer cells in the nucellar projection amplify the membrane surface area up to 22-fold, supporting the observed rates of sucrose transfer into the endosperm cavity. We conclude that photosynthate moves via the symplast from the se–cc complexes to the nucellar projection transfer cells, from where it is transferred across the plasma membrane into the endosperm cavity. The apoplastic barrier in the pigment strand is considered to restrict solute movement to the symplast and block apoplastic solute exchange between maternal and embryonic tissues. The implications of this cellular pathway in relation to the control of photosynthate transfer in the developing grain are discussed. 相似文献