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1.
Bromus tectorum L. is an invasive winter annual grass naturalized across the United States. Numerous studies have investigated B. tectorum population structure and genetics in the context of B. tectorum as an ecological invader of natural areas and rangeland. Despite the wealth of information regarding B. tectorum, previous studies have not focused on, or made comparisons to, B. tectorum as it persists in individual agroecosystems. The objectives of this study were to assess the genetic diversity and structure, the occurrence of generalist and specialist genotypes, and the influence of climate on distribution of B. tectorum sourced exclusively from within small grain production regions of the Pacific Northwest. Genetic diversity of B. tectorum sourced from agronomic fields was found to be similar to what has been observed from other land use histories. Six distinct genetic clusters of B. tectorum were identified, with no evidence to indicate that any of the genetic clusters were better adapted to a particular geographical area or climate within the region. Given the apparent random spatial distribution of B. tectorum genetic clusters at the spatial scale of this analysis, unique genotypes may be well mixed within region, similar to what was reported for other inbreeding weedy grass species.  相似文献   
2.
The complete or partial loss of shattering ability occurred independently during the domestication of several crops. Therefore, the study of this trait can provide an understanding of the link between phenotypic and molecular convergent evolution. The genetic dissection of ‘pod shattering’ in Phaseolus vulgaris is achieved here using a population of introgression lines and next‐generation sequencing techniques. The ‘occurrence’ of the indehiscent phenotype (indehiscent versus dehiscent) depends on a major locus on chromosome 5. Furthermore, at least two additional genes are associated with the ‘level’ of shattering (number of shattering pods per plant: low versus high) and the ‘mode’ of shattering (non‐twisting versus twisting pods), with all of these loci contributing to the phenotype by epistatic interactions. Comparative mapping indicates that the major gene identified on common bean chromosome 5 corresponds to one of the four quantitative trait loci for pod shattering in Vigna unguiculata. None of the loci identified comprised genes that are homologs of the known shattering genes in Glycine max. Therefore, although convergent domestication can be determined by mutations at orthologous loci, this was only partially true for P. vulgaris and V. unguiculata, which are two phylogenetically closely related crop species, and this was not the case for the more distant P. vulgaris and G. max. Conversely, comparative mapping suggests that the convergent evolution of the indehiscent phenotype arose through mutations in different genes from the same underlying gene networks that are involved in secondary cell‐wall biosynthesis and lignin deposition patterning at the pod level.  相似文献   
3.
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, the most frequently diagnosed microsporidian species in humans, is also identified in a wide range of animals. To date, few data are available on E. bieneusi in yaks (Bos grunniens). In this study, we examined the occurrence and genotype identity of E. bieneusi in yaks in four counties in Qinghai Province of China. Of 327 fecal specimens examined by nested PCR analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, 23 (7.0%) were E. bieneusi‐positive. DNA sequence analysis of the PCR products revealed the presence of five distinct genotypes: three Group 2 genotypes previously reported in cattle as well as humans (BEB4, I and J) and two novel genotypes (CHN11 and CHN12) belonging to the large zoonotic group (Group 1). Data of the study suggest that these animals could be potential reservoirs for human E. bieneusi infection.  相似文献   
4.
Populations evolve in response to the external environment, whether abiotic (e.g., climate) or biotic (e.g., other conspecifics). We investigated how adaptation to biotic, heritable environments differs from adaptation to abiotic, nonheritable environments. We found that, for the same selection coefficients, the coadaptive process between genes and heritable environments is much faster than genetic adaptation to an abiotic nonheritable environment. The increased rate of adaptation results from the positive association generated by reciprocal selection between the heritable environment and the genes responding to it. These associations result in a runaway process of adaptive coevolution, even when the genes creating the heritable environment and genes responding to the heritable environment are unlinked. Although tightening the degree of linkage accelerates the coadaptive process, the acceleration caused by a comparable amount of inbreeding is greater, because inbreeding has a cumulative effect on reducing functional recombination over generations. Our results suggest that that adaptation to local abiotic environmental variation may result in the rapid diversification of populations and subsequent reproductive isolation not directly but rather via its effects on heritable environments and the genes responding to them.  相似文献   
5.
The aim of the present study is to determine the characteristics of genotype and phenotype of Echinococcus granulosus derived from wild sheep and to compare them with the strains of E. granulosus sensu stricto (sheep-dog) and E. granulosus camel strain (camel-dog) in Iran. In Khojir National Park, near Tehran, Iran, a fertile hydatid cyst was recently found in the liver of a dead wild sheep (Ovis orientalis). The number of protoscolices (n=6,000) proved enough for an experimental infection in a dog. The characteristics of large and small hooks of metacestode were statistically determined as the sensu stricto strain but not the camel strain (P=0.5). To determine E. granulosus genotype, 20 adult worms of this type were collected from the infected dog. The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and cytochrome c oxidase 1 subunit (COX1) of the mitochondrial DNA were amplified from individual adult worm by PCR. Subsequently, the PCR product was sequenced by Sanger method. The lengths of ITS2 and COX1 sequences were 378 and 857 bp, respectively, for all the sequenced samples. The amplified DNA sequences from both ribosomal and mitochondrial genes were highly similar (99% and 98%, respectively) to that of the ovine strain in the GenBank database. The results of the present study indicate that the morpho-molecular features and characteristics of E. granulosus in the Iranian wild sheep are the same as those of the sheep-dog E. granulosus sensu stricto strain.  相似文献   
6.
Mating causes considerable alterations in female physiology and behaviour, and immune gene expression, partly due to proteins transferred from males to females during copulation. The magnitude of these phenotypic changes could be driven by the genotypes of males and females, as well as their interaction. To test this, we carried out a series of genotype‐by‐genotype (G × G) experiments using Drosophila melanogaster populations from two distant geographical locations. We expected lines to have diverged in male reproductive traits and females to differ in their responses to these traits. We examined female physiological and behavioural post‐mating responses to male mating traits, that is behaviour and ejaculate composition, in the short to mid‐term (48 hr) following mating. We then explored whether a sexually transferred molecule, sex peptide (SP), is the mechanism behind our observed female post‐mating responses. Our results show that the genotypes of both sexes as well as the interaction between male and female genotypes affect mating and post‐mating reproductive traits. Immune gene expression of three candidate genes increased in response to mating and was genotype‐dependent but did not show a G × G signature. Males showed genotype‐dependent SP expression in the 7 days following eclosion, but female genotypes showed no differential sensitivity to the receipt of SP. The two genotypes demonstrated clear divergence in physiological traits in short‐ to mid‐term responses to mating, but the longer‐term consequences of these initial dynamics remain to be uncovered.  相似文献   
7.
【目的】了解分析山东地区健康犬及腹泻犬中犬冠状病毒(CCoV)的分子流行病学及其基因型。【方法】采集2017年以来山东省宠物市场、流浪犬中心、犬舍、各地宠物医院等的健康和腹泻犬只的肛拭子样品,采用PCR方法检测CCoV及其CCoV-Ⅰ和CCoV-Ⅱ(CCoV-Ⅱa和CCoV-Ⅱb)基因分型情况,并对扩增出的M、S全基因进行测序分析。【结果】199份样品中,共检出CCoV阳性样品79份,健康犬中的检出率为40.2%(33/82),腹泻犬中的检出率为39.3%(46/117)。健康犬中CCoV-Ⅰ型与CCoV-Ⅱ型阳性检出率分别为78.8%(26/33)和51.5%(17/33);腹泻犬中CCoV-Ⅰ型与CCoV-Ⅱ型阳性检出率分别为39.13%(18/46)和80.4%(37/46)。基因型阳性比率分析表明,健康犬中单独感染CCoV-I型的比率最高,为48.5%(16/33);腹泻犬中单独感染CCoV-Ⅱa比率最高,为47.8%(22/46)。测序分析获得48株M基因序列,遗传进化分析表明,12株CCoV-Ⅰ型毒株中除1株外,其余均从健康犬中分离。36株CCoV-Ⅱ型毒株中除7株来自健康犬外,其余均为腹泻犬中获得。获得的3株S全基因均来自腹泻犬且均属于CCoV-Ⅱa亚型。【结论】山东地区犬群中CCoV检出率较高,说明CCoV广泛流行,健康犬和腹泻犬中均存在多重感染情况,健康犬中主要流行CCoV毒株为CCoV-Ⅰ型,腹泻犬中主要流行CCoV-Ⅱa型。  相似文献   
8.
The increasing prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the human population in the Republic of Korea (= Korea) is due to various reasons such as an increase in meat consumption. However, the importance of cats in transmitting T. gondii infection through oocysts to humans has seldom been assessed. A total of 300 fecal samples of stray cats captured around Seoul from June to August 2013 were examined for T. gondii B1 gene (indicating the presence of oocysts) using nested-PCR. Fourteen (4.7%) of 300 cats examined were positive for B1 gene. Female cats (7.5%) showed a higher prevalence than male cats (1.4%). Cats younger than 3 months (5.5%) showed a higher prevalence than cats (1.5%) older than 3 months. For laboratory passage of the positive samples, the fecal suspension (0.2 ml) of B1 gene positive cats was orally inoculated into experimental mice. Brain tissues of the mice were obtained after 40 days and examined for the presence of tissue cysts. Two isolates were successfully passaged (designated KNIH-1 and KNIH-2) and were molecularly analyzed using the SAG5D and SAG5E gene sequences. The SAG5D and SAG5E gene sequences showed high homologies with the ME49 strain (less virulent strain). The results indicated the importance of stray cats in transmitting T. gondii to humans in Korea, as revealed by detection of B1 gene in fecal samples. T. gondii isolates from cats were successfully passaged in the laboratory for the first time in Korea.  相似文献   
9.
城郊土壤富营养化已成为目前城郊农业生态系统可持续发展不可回避的环境问题之一,氮、磷养分富集是城郊土壤富营养化的重要表现形式,因土壤氮素积累而引起的蔬菜可食部位硝酸盐超标是一个亟待解决的技术难题.本文综述了不同蔬菜种及品种间吸收积累硝酸盐的基因型差异及其差异形成的生理生化机制,指出充分利用我国丰富的蔬菜种质资源,以植物吸收积累硝酸盐的基因型差异为理论基础,筛选弱吸收低积累蔬菜作物品种,是削减、控制蔬菜可食部位硝酸盐含量的关键性技术,有可能缓解城郊区脆弱生态环境条件下集约化生产对硝酸盐农艺阻控措施的依赖.  相似文献   
10.
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