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目的:尝试用混合喂养法建立一种与临床相仿的成年营养性肥胖大鼠模型。方法:55只8周龄SD大鼠随机分为对照组10只(普通饲料喂养)和实验组45只(混合喂养),喂养2周后实验组剔除肥胖抵抗大鼠。每周记录大鼠体重,喂养9周后观察两组大鼠体重、体长、Lee's指数、空腹血糖(FBG)、血脂、葡萄糖耐量水平和肝脏组织病理改变。结果:喂养第9周末,实验组大鼠和对照组大鼠体重分别为(645.6±34.8)g和(483.3±31.5)g,Lee's指数分别为(326.3±24.2)和(302.7±19.8),组间比较有显著差异(P0.05)。实验组血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、FPG、糖负荷后30、60、120分钟血糖均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。HE染色病理结果显示实验组大鼠肝脏均出现脂肪样变,而对照组未见明显变性。结论:本研究所应用的混合喂养法可以稳定成功地建立伴有葡萄糖耐量减低和高脂血症的成年营养性肥胖大鼠模型。  相似文献   
3.
目的:探讨下丘脑神经肽NUCB2与Tsumura Suzuki(TS)多基因突变2型糖尿病(T2DM)小鼠摄食过多的关系。方法:将动物分为Tsumura Suzuki糖尿病(TSD)小鼠、正常小鼠;监视器监测小鼠摄食量;分析血生化指标;定量RT-PCR分析摄食相关神经肽m RNA表达水平;放射免疫分析法检测nesfatin-1蛋白水平。结果:与年龄匹配的TSN小鼠相比,TSD小鼠在1月龄就存在体重增加(P<0.05)和高瘦素血症(P<0.05),3-12月龄出现贪食(P<0.05)、高血糖(P<0.05)、高血脂(P<0.05)和高胰岛素血症(P<0.05),且3-12月龄时厌食肽nesfatin-1前体核连蛋白2(NUCB2)m RNA和nesfatin-1蛋白水平均显著降低(P<0.05~0.01);TSD小鼠下丘脑甘丙肽、黑色素浓集素、神经肽Y及前黑素细胞皮质素原m RNA水平也有显著改变(P<0.05)。结论:下丘脑NUCB2介导信号通路破坏可能导致TSD小鼠摄食过多。  相似文献   
4.
Although research on satiation has revealed much about the effect of sensory inputs on motivational state, we have yet to fully understand exactly how satiating signals influence the neural circuits underlying specific behaviors. One organism that is well suited for addressing this question is the nudibranch Melibe leonina, because its feeding activity is easily quantified, it has translucent skin that makes the stomach easy to observe, and it has large, identifiable neurons that are very suitable for subsequent analysis of the neural correlates of satiation. In this study our goal was to document the time course of satiation in Melibe, and determine if stomach distention contributes to satiation. When exposed to brine shrimp (Artemia), Melibe immediately commenced stereotypic oral hood movements to capture prey, and continued to do so for approximately five hours. Individuals eventually stopped, despite the continued presence of food, and the slowing and eventual termination of oral hood closures was correlated with distension of the stomach caused by the ingested Artemia. We obtained further evidence that stomach distension is one of the underlying causes of satiation by injecting artificial non-nutritive food into the stomach, and by cutting open part of the stomach wall to prevent it from filling and distending. The first treatment caused satiation to occur more rapidly, while the second treatment delayed satiation. Both results demonstrate that in Melibe stomach distention has a major impact on the motivation to feed. These findings provide the framework for subsequent studies designed to determine precisely how stomach distention influences feeding circuits.  相似文献   
5.
北京动物园分别采用全人工和人工.狗乳交替哺育的方法,成功哺育6只雪豹幼崽。通过对育幼箱内外温、湿度的监测结果表明,幼崽呼吸频率随年龄增加而呈现周期性波动,9周后接近成年雪豹;幼崽体温0—87日龄呈逐渐下降趋势,50日龄后趋于稳定;排便和排尿量均随年龄增长呈增加趋势,70日龄增长量趋缓;幼崽体重直线增长。通过对两种哺育方式的卡方检验结果表明,两种哺育方式下雪豹幼崽体重生长存在显著差异。育幼箱内温度和幼崽自身体温对体重增长具有显著的影响;体温与幼崽呼吸频率和进食量具有显著的相关性。此外,还应注意饲料转换时机及微量元素对幼年雪豹生长发育的重要性。  相似文献   
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The densities of nemerteans and associated fauna on a soft-bottom sampling station (27–30 m deep) in the Øresund were determined from 47 cores (each 135 cm2 in cross-section; 20 + cm deep) collected from September to December 1989; these data were compared with 14 cores taken from the same location in December 1982. Nine species of nemerteans were identified from cores and dredge samples: Palaeonemertea — Callinera-like sp.; Heteronemertea — Cerebratulus fuscus, C. marginatus, Lineus bilineatus, Micrura fasciolata, M. purpurea; Hoplonemertea — Amphiporus bioculatus, A. dissimulans, Nipponnemertes pulcher. Mean numbers of heteronemerteans were 32 and 10 m?2 in 1982 and 1989, respectively, and hoplonemerteans were 90 and 71 m?2 , respectively. Only one palaeonemertean was collected during both years. Mean densities of the dominant species, N. pulcher, were similar for the two years, 74 and 68 m?2. The dominant groups of macrofauna (n m?2) in 1989 were ostracods (1028), amphipods (618), polychaetes (514), and ophiuroids (449). Amphipods (>90% Haploops spp.) and polychaetes (at least 30 spp.) are the major potential prey for hoplonemerteans and heteronemerteans, respectively. Laboratory feeding experiments with N. pulcher revealed that it consumed amphipods (Haploops tenuis and H. tubicola) at a rate of 2.6 worm?1 d?1 during the first 12 hours, but after 36 hours and beyond the rate was maintained at approximately 0.2 worm?1 d?1. Beyond 12 hours this nemertean showed a tendancy to only partially evacuate its prey. It was demonstrated experimentally that N. pulcher has a supply of toxin capable of killing six amphipods in approximately one hour. Limited tests showed that N. pulcher fed on the cumacean Diastylis tumida, but not on the amphipod Maera loveni or the ostracod Philomedes globosus, and that Amphiporus dissimulans readily attacked Haploops spp., but not Maera or Philomedes. Although the results of laboratory experiments are tentative, they do suggest that suctorial hoplonemerteans can exert a potentially significant effect on benthic communities. Employing seven species of polychaetes as prey for Cerebratulus fuscus and Micrura fasciolata, only the latter responded positively to one of them, Glycera alba. The hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus violently rejected N. pulcher in all feeding trials.  相似文献   
8.

Aims

Dietary habits are crucial factors affecting metabolic homeostasis. However, few animal experiments have addressed the effects of long-term feeding with soft food on parameters reflecting systemic health.

Main methods

Using mice, we compared the effects of short (3 days) and long (17 weeks from weaning) feeding periods between powdered food and normal pellet food on the levels of blood glucose, serum levels of insulin, catecholamines, and corticosterone, blood pressure, and/or social interaction behaviors. In addition, the effects of a human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, liraglutide (a new drug with protective effects against neuronal and cardiovascular diseases), were compared between the powder and pellet groups.

Key finding

(i) Powdered food, even for such a short period, resulted in a greater glycemic response than pellet food, consistent with powdered food being more easily digested and absorbed. (ii) Long-term feeding on powdered food induced hyperglycemia and related systemic signs of illness, including increases in serum adrenaline, noradrenaline, and corticosterone, higher blood pressures (especially diastolic), and increased social interaction behaviors. (iii) Liraglutide, when administered subcutaneously for the last 2 weeks of the 17-week period of feeding, improved these changes (including those in social interaction behaviors).

Significance

The hyperglycemia associated with long-term powdered-food feeding may lead to certain systemic illness signs, such as elevations of blood glucose, hypertension, and abnormal behaviors in mice. Mastication of food of adequate hardness may be very important for the maintenance of systemic (physical and mental) health, possibly via reduction in the levels of blood glucose and/or adrenal stress hormones (catecholamines and glucocorticoids).  相似文献   
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10.
The primitive land plant life cycle featured the production of spores of unimodal size, a condition called homospory. The evolution of bimodal size distributions with small male spores and large female spores, known as heterospory, was an innovation that occurred repeatedly in the history of land plants. The importance of desiccation‐resistant spores for colonization of the land is well known, but the adaptive value of heterospory has never been well established. It was an addition to a sexual life cycle that already involved male and female gametes. Its role as a precursor to the evolution of seeds has received much attention, but this is an evolutionary consequence of heterospory that cannot explain the transition from homospory to heterospory (and the lack of evolutionary reversal from heterospory to homospory). Enforced outcrossing of gametophytes has often been mentioned in connection to heterospory, but we review the shortcomings of this argument as an explanation of the selective advantage of heterospory. Few alternative arguments concerning the selective forces favouring heterospory have been proposed, a paucity of attention that is surprising given the importance of this innovation in land plant evolution. In this review we highlight two ideas that may lead us to a better understanding of why heterospory evolved. First, models of optimal resource allocation – an approach that has been used for decades in evolutionary ecology to help understand parental investment and other life‐history patterns – suggest that an evolutionary increase in spore size could reach a threshold at which small spores yielding small, sperm‐producing gametophytes would return greater fitness per unit of resource investment than would large spores and bisexual gametophytes. With the advent of such microspores, megaspores would evolve under frequency‐dependent selection. This argument can account for the appearance of heterospory in the Devonian, when increasingly tall and complex vegetative communities presented competitive conditions that made large spore size advantageous. Second, heterospory is analogous in many ways to anisogamy. Indeed, heterospory is a kind of re‐invention of anisogamy within the context of a sporophyte‐dominant land plant life cycle. The evolution of anisogamy has been the subject of important theoretical and empirical investigation. Recent work in this area suggests that mate‐encounter dynamics set up selective forces that can drive the evolution of anisogamy. We suggest that similar dispersal and mating dynamics could have underlain spore size differentiation. The two approaches offer predictions that are consistent with currently available data but could be tested far more thoroughly. We hope to re‐establish attention on this neglected aspect of plant evolutionary biology and suggest some paths for empirical investigation.  相似文献   
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