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Herbivory is a fundamental process that controls primary producer abundance and regulates energy and nutrient flows to higher trophic levels. Despite the recent proliferation of small‐scale studies on herbivore effects on aquatic plants, there remains limited understanding of the factors that control consumer regulation of vascular plants in aquatic ecosystems. Our current knowledge of the regulation of primary producers has hindered efforts to understand the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems, and to manage such ecosystems effectively. We conducted a global meta‐analysis of the outcomes of plant–herbivore interactions using a data set comprised of 326 values from 163 studies, in order to test two mechanistic hypotheses: first, that greater negative changes in plant abundance would be associated with higher herbivore biomass densities; second, that the magnitude of changes in plant abundance would vary with herbivore taxonomic identity. We found evidence that plant abundance declined with increased herbivore density, with plants eliminated at high densities. Significant between‐taxa differences in impact were detected, with insects associated with smaller reductions in plant abundance than all other taxa. Similarly, birds caused smaller reductions in plant abundance than echinoderms, fish, or molluscs. Furthermore, larger reductions in plant abundance were detected for fish relative to crustaceans. We found a positive relationship between herbivore species richness and change in plant abundance, with the strongest reductions in plant abundance reported for low herbivore species richness, suggesting that greater herbivore diversity may protect against large reductions in plant abundance. Finally, we found that herbivore–plant nativeness was a key factor affecting the magnitude of herbivore impacts on plant abundance across a wide range of species assemblages. Assemblages comprised of invasive herbivores and native plant assemblages were associated with greater reductions in plant abundance compared with invasive herbivores and invasive plants, native herbivores and invasive plants, native herbivores and mixed‐nativeness plants, and native herbivores and native plants. By contrast, assemblages comprised of native herbivores and invasive plants were associated with lower reductions in plant abundance compared with both mixed‐nativeness herbivores and native plants, and native herbivores and native plants. However, the effects of herbivore–plant nativeness on changes in plant abundance were reduced at high herbivore densities. Our mean reductions in aquatic plant abundance are greater than those reported in the literature for terrestrial plants, but lower than aquatic algae. Our findings highlight the need for a substantial shift in how biologists incorporate plant–herbivore interactions into theories of aquatic ecosystem structure and functioning. Currently, the failure to incorporate top‐down effects continues to hinder our capacity to understand and manage the ecological dynamics of habitats that contain aquatic plants.  相似文献   
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A novel cloning vector that can be used to identify recombinant Escherichia coli colonies by activation of the green fluorescent protein gene (GFP) was constructed. Screening using the vector does not require special reagents. The recombinant plasmid activates GFP, and the rate of false-positive results is low.  相似文献   
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Signal peptides are short peptides located at the N-terminus of secreted proteins. They characteristically have three domains; a basic region at the N-terminus (n-region), a central hydrophobic core (h-region) and a carboxy-terminal cleavage region (c-region). Although hundreds of different signal peptides have been identified, it has not been completely understood how their features enable signal peptides to influence protein expression. Antibody-derived signal peptides are often used to prepare recombinant antibodies expressed by eukaryotic cells, especially Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. However, when prokaryotic Escherichia coli (E. coli) are utilized in drug discovery processes, such as for phage display selection or antibody humanization, signal peptides have been selected separately due to the differences in the expression systems between the species. In this study, we successfully established a signal peptide that enables a functional antibody to be expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by focusing on the importance of having an Ala residue in the c-region of the signal sequence. We found that changing Ser to Ala at only two positions significantly augmented the anti-HER2 antigen binding fragment (Fab) expression in E. coli. In addition, this altered signal peptide also retained the ability to express functional anti-HER2 antibody in CHO cells. Taken together, the present findings indicate that the signal peptide can promote functional antibody expression in both prokaryotic E. coli and eukaryotic CHO cells. This finding will contribute to the understanding of signal peptides and accelerate therapeutic antibody research.  相似文献   
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肝癌是全世界最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,而经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)是治疗不能手术的中晚期肝癌的标准手段。从给 药方式上而言,相对于静脉系统化疗及单纯的肝动脉灌注,肝动脉化疗栓塞术,尤其是进行明胶海绵补充栓塞,可明显改善物代 谢动力学参数,既减少外周药物浓度和非靶器官毒性,又能增加局部药物浓度从而增强药物的治疗效果。从剂型上而言,阿霉素 碘化油乳剂能明显降低血药峰值浓度,并能选择性分布于肝脏肿瘤内,达到靶向治疗肝癌的目的。加用明胶海绵补充栓塞,上述 作用会更加明显。肝动脉化疗药微囊栓塞也能取得较明显的物代谢动力学优势,缓释、增加局部浓度、延长作用时间和减轻药物 不良反应。无论外周血药峰值浓度(Cmax)还是曲线下面积(AUC),载药洗脱微球(DEB)栓塞均显著低于阿霉素碘化油乳剂栓塞, 从而取得比传统的化疗栓塞更好的肝癌治疗效果。对不同给药方式及载药剂型的物代谢动力学研究,将对不断提高TACE的疗 效和安全性有重要意义。  相似文献   
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目的:研究慢性睡眠障碍对大鼠颞下颌关节微结构的影响。方法:采用改良多平台法(MMPM)建立睡眠剥夺模型,将90只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组(n=30),分别为小平台组、网格组和对照组。小平台组和网格组大鼠接受每天18 h的睡眠剥夺和6 h间歇期(10:00—16:00),间歇期大鼠正常笼养。实验第7、14和21天时分别行动物行为学观察、旷场试验和动物血浆检测,并通过HE染色和扫描电镜观察颞下颌关节微结构的变化。结果:与对照组和网格组相比,小平台组大鼠血清促肾上腺激素(ACTH)和皮质醇(CORT)水平均增高(P<0.05),髁突软骨HE染色显示软骨细胞层次及厚度改变;扫描电镜结果显示关节盘表面纤维排列松散。结论:慢性睡眠障碍可能导致颞下颌关节微结构发生病理性改变。  相似文献   
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Food and drink consumption was found to be responsible for around 20–30% of environmental impacts. Environmental impacts occur during all stages of the food production chain. However, households influence these impacts with through their choice of diet and habits, thus directly affecting the environment through food-related energy consumption and waste generation. With the multiplication of local policies for sustainable consumption, it has become increasingly useful to gather information on the evolution of the ecological impacts associated with household food consumption. Dealing with the indicators of household consumption of fruits and vegetables will enable changes in the population's lifestyles and the effectiveness of local policies to be monitored.The aims of this article are twofold: to provide a conceptual framework on the purposes of ecological indicators of fruit and vegetable consumption (EIFVCs) and to provide a methodological approach for selecting and measuring the most relevant EIFVCs at a local scale. Considering the great diversity of ecological impacts, the large number of potential EIFVCs must be reduced to obtain fewer EIFVCs, but that are relevant at local scale. To be relevant, the EIFVCs must provide information on the three phases of consumption (acquisition, use, and disposal) and on the upstream and downstream phases of the consumption process; they should evaluate the more problematic ecological impacts at the local scale (level of concern); and they have to only point out the ecological impacts that households can significantly reduce through their consumption rates. To measure relevant EIFVCs, three approaches must be combined: monitoring the ecological impacts, measuring the material and energy fluxes associated with household consumption, and analysing the consumer behaviours that result in the observed ecological impacts.As an illustration, the methodology is applied to the Bordeaux Metropolitan Area (France). In this area, eleven EIFVCs seem relevant. The use of surveys characterises all eleven of the EIFVCs, despite the difficulty of establishing quantified relationships between household behaviours and measured ecological impacts. The measuring of fluxes is possible for eight of them, whereas the monitoring of ecological impacts is only feasible for two of them.  相似文献   
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Osteoporosis is one of the most prevalent skeletal disorders and has enormous public health consequences due to the morbidity and mortality of the resulting fractures. This article discusses the developmental origins of osteoporosis and outlines some of the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in both intrauterine and postnatal life that contribute to the later onset of osteoporosis. Evidence for the effects of birth size and early growth in both preterm and term born infants are discussed and the role of epigenetics within the programming hypothesis is highlighted. This review provides compelling evidence for the developmental origins of osteoporosis and highlights the importance of osteoporosis prevention at all stages of the life course.  相似文献   
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