Calibration of Terra/MODIS gross primary production over an irrigated cropland on the North China Plain and an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau

This paper evaluated the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) gross primary production (GPP) product (MOD17) by using estimated GPP from eddy‐covariance flux measurements over an irrigated winter wheat and maize double‐cropping field on the North China Plain in 2003–2004, and an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau in 2002–2003. The mean annual GPP from MOD17 accounted for 1/2–2/3 of the surface estimated mean annual GPP for the alpine meadow, but only about 1/5–1/3 for the cropland. This underestimation was partly attributed to low estimates of leaf area index by a MODIS product (MOD15) because it is used to calculate absorbed photosynthetically active radiation in the MOD17 algorithm. The main reason is that the parameter maximum light use efficiency (ε_max) in the MOD17 algorithm was underestimated for the two biomes, especially for the cropland. Contrasted to the default, ε_max was optimized using surface measurements. The optimized ε_max for winter wheat, maize and meadow was 1.18, 1.81 and 0.73 g C/MJ, respectively. By using the surface measurements and optimized ε_max , the MOD17 algorithm significantly improved the accuracy of GPP estimates. The optimum MOD17 algorithm explained about 82%, 68%, and 79% of GPP variance for winter wheat, maize, and meadow, respectively. These results suggest that it is necessary to adjust the MOD17 parameters for the estimation of cropland and meadow GPP, particularly over cropland.     

永定河沿河沙地杨树人工林生态系统呼吸特征

杨树是世界上广泛采用的人工造林树种之一,也是中国人工林面积最大的树种。研究杨树人工林生态系统呼吸(Re)及其分量土壤呼吸(Rs)的时间动态格局以及强度特征,分析两者对环境因子的响应是提高人工林生态系统净生产力和促进固碳减排等人工林经营管理中考虑的首要问题。采用开路式涡度相关系统、Licor-8150土壤呼吸测定系统以及小气候测定系统连续测定了位于北京大兴区永定河沿河沙地杨树人工林的生态系统呼吸、土壤呼吸和小气候特征。研究结果表明:(1)2007-2009年该生态系统的Re年总量分别为946.68、863.58、817.30gCm^-2a^-1,其中Rs年总量分别为642.11、629.29,609.05gCm^-2a^-1, Rs年总量约占Re年总量的70%;(2)Re和Rs月总量一般在7或者8月份达到最大值,Rs的变化趋势与土壤5cm温度(Ts5)相一致;(3)Ts5是Re和Rs两者的显著影响因子,但Re与空气相对湿度(RH)的相关性最显著。此外,Rs更容易受到Ts5和0-20cm土壤平均体积含水量(vwc)两者耦合效应的限制。     

珠三角城市绿地CO2通量的环境响应特征

城市绿地的净生态系统CO2交换量(NEE)受多种环境因素控制,定量分析NEE的环境响应机制对评估绿地生态系统固碳效益、优化城市绿地布局有重要意义。本文应用2009、2010年位于东莞市植物园内的涡度相关CO2通量定位观测资料,分析了光合有效辐射(PAR)、土壤温度(Ts)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)、降水及周边不同下垫面类型对NEE的影响。结果表明:NEE绝对值随PAR的升高而增加,PAR超过光饱和点(约为1500μmol photons·m-2·s-1)后,NEE绝对值呈回落趋势;生态系统呼吸(Reco)随Ts升高而增加,在温度较低时,Reco对Ts的敏感性较强(10℃时,Lloyd-Taylor方程的Q10=1.8),随着温度升高,敏感性下降(30℃时,Q10=1.43);VPD通过影响植物气孔导度对CO2交换产生作用,相同温度下,随着VPD升高,气孔导度增大,呼吸释放与光合固定的CO2量均增加;降水能增加土壤湿度进而使Reco增大,25℃时,降水后的Reco比降水前增加15.8%;测站东北和西南方的绿地范围较大,当东北和西南部是主要贡献区时,NEE绝对值较大,表明增加城市绿地能有效提高城市固碳效益。     

季节性干旱对中亚热带人工林显热和潜热通量日变化的影响

植被与大气间的显热和潜热通量的日变化是大气过程和植被生理过程的显著标志。本研究利用ChinaFLUX千烟洲站典型的夏季雨热不同季的季节性干旱的试验条件,探讨了2003年季节性干旱对该生态系统显热和潜热通量日变化变异幅度和峰值时间的影响。研究表明：显热通量的日变化变异幅度年平均值为176 W/m2。潜热通量的日变化变异幅度年平均值为171 W/m2。显热通量到达日变化峰值的时间平均为11:57。全年潜热通量的日变化都在午后达到峰值,平均值为12:33。季节性干旱造成显热通量的日变异幅度明显增大,从144W m-2增加到321 W m-2。而潜热通量的日变异幅度明显降低,从324 W/m2减小到198 W/m2。,显热和潜热通量日变异幅度的相对变化明显增大,从-165 W/m2增加到76 W/m2,气温和饱和水汽压差是影响显热和显热日变异幅度及其相对变化的主要控制因素。干旱胁迫期,深层水对显热通量日变化变异幅度及其与潜热通量日变化变异幅度的相对变化的作用更显著,而潜热通量日变化变异幅度与气象要素关系不显著。季节性干旱造成显热通量日变化的峰值时间和显热和潜热通量日变化峰值时间的相对变化明显向下午偏移,显热通量日变化的峰值从上午11:31到中午12:17,相对变化从1小时到1小时20分钟。季节性干旱对潜热通量日变化峰值时间没有显著的影响。非干旱胁迫期,显热通量日变化峰值时间和显热及潜热通量日变化峰值时间的相对变化均与气温负相关,而干旱胁迫期,则与气温正相关。潜热通量日变化峰值时间与气象要素关系均不显著。该生态系统显热和潜热通量日变化峰值的相对变化主要受降水量的季节分配控制,在干旱胁迫期降水的作用更加明显。潜热和显热通量日变化峰值时间的相对变化总体上都受植被与大气间的耦合程度控制。     

Scaling carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange from leaf to canopy in a deciduous forest. II. Model testing and application

The scaling of CO₂ and water vapour transfer from leaf to canopy dimensions was achieved by integrating mechanistic models for physiological (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and soil/root and bole respiration) and micrometeorological (radiative transfer, turbulent transfer and surface energy exchanges) processes. The main objectives of this paper are to describe a canopy photosynthesis and evaporation model for a temperate broadleaf forest and to test it against field measurements. The other goal of this paper is to use the validated model to address some contemporary ecological and physiological questions concerning the transfer of carbon and water between forest canopies and the atmosphere. In particular, we examine the role of simple versus complex radiative transfer models and the effect of environmental (solar radiation and CO₂) and ecophysiological (photo-synthetic capacity) variables on canopy-scale carbon and water vapour fluxes.     

珠三角城市绿地CO2通量的季节特征

城市绿地是城市碳循环的重要组成部分,利用长期定位观测资料估算珠三角典型城市绿地的CO2通量,可以为应对气候变化、评价区域碳源汇提供参考。应用2009、2010年,东莞市植物园内的涡度相关法CO2通量定位观测资料,分析了净生态系统交换量(NEE)的年变化及其与气象要素的关系,结果表明:(1)年平均NEE总量为-104.2 gC.m-.2a-1,表明城市绿地生态系统具有固碳能力。(2)NEE随光温条件变化呈现明显的季节动态,12至3月表现为碳源,其他月份表现为碳汇。(3)根据白天NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)逐月拟合Michaelis-Menten方程,得到年平均表观初始光能利用率(α)为(0.00134±0.00035)mgCO.2μmol-1光子,年平均光饱和生态系统生产力(Pmax)为(1.006±0.283)mgCO.2m-.2s-1。(4)利用夜间呼吸(Reco)与5 cm土壤温度(Ts)拟合指数方程,得到年平均Reco总量为1378.1 gC.m-.2a-1。(5)NEE与PAR、气温(Ta)和饱和水压差(VPD)的相关性分析显示,NEE与PAR偏相关系数的绝对值大于Ta和VPD,表明PAR对NEE的影响最大。     

Net Ecosystem Exchanges of Carbon, Water, and Energy in Young and Old-growth Douglas-Fir Forests

To be able to estimate the cumulative carbon budget at broader scales, it is essential to understand net ecosystem exchanges (NEE) of carbon and water in various ages and types of ecosystems. Using eddy-covariance (EC) in Douglas-fir dominated forests in the Wind River Valley, Washington, USA, we measured NEE of carbon, water, and energy from July through September in a 40-year-old stand (40YR) in 1998, a 20-year-old stand (20YR) in 1999, and a 450-year-old stand (450YR) during both years. All three stands were net carbon sinks during the dry, warm summers, with mean net daily accumulation of –0.30 g C m^–2 d^–1, –2.76 g C m^–2 d^–1, and –0.38 g C m^–2 d^–1, respectively, in the 20YR, 40YR, and 450YR (average of 1998, 1999) stands; but for individual years, the 450YR stand was a carbon source in 1998 (0.51 g C m^–2 d^–1) and a sink in 1999 (–1.26 g C m^–2 d^–1). The interannual differences for the summer months were apparent for cumulative carbon exchange at the 450YR stand, which had 46.9 g C m^–2 loss in 1998 and 115.9 g C m^–2 gain in 1999. As predicted, the 40YR stand assimilated the most carbon and lost the least amount of water to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration.     

Characteristics and partitioning of ozone dry deposition measured by eddy-covariance technology in a winter wheat field

Aims Anthropogenic pollutants cause an increase in ground-level ozone concentration, which is a known threat to plant growth and yield and has been extensively observed worldwide. Since ozone is only slightly soluble in water, it is deposited mainly through dry deposition in terrestrial ecosystem. The object of this study was to analyze the characteristics of ozone dry deposition and to estimate the contribution of stomatal and non-stomatal ozone deposition pathways to total ozone deposition in a winter wheat field.Methods The research site was a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) field located in Yongfeng experimental station of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology. The data used in this study were collected from March 16, 2016 to May 30, 2016. We observed ozone dry deposition with an eddy-covariance system. This system mainly included a 3D sonic anemometer, an open-path infrared absorption spectrometer, a fast-response ozone chemiluminescent analyzer and a slow-response ozone monitor. We simultaneously measured meteorological data including solar radiation (SR), air temperature (T), air relativity humidity (RH), wind speed, net radiation, and rainfall. All raw data were recorded with data-logger and averaged every 30 min.Important findings Half hourly means of ozone concentrations (C_O3), ozone flux (F_O3) and ozone dry deposition velocity (V_d) in the winter wheat field were 32.9 nL·L^-1, -5.09 nmol·m^-2·s^-1, 0.39 cm·s^-1, and the ranges of them were 16-58 nL·L^-1, -2.9- -11.7 nmol·m^-2·s^-1, 0.17-0.63 cm·s^-1, respectively. F_O3 and C_O3/V_d were found to be mismatched with phase peaks occurring at different time intervals. The ecosystem was more effective on ozone dry deposition, under conditions of moderate to high SR (SR ≥ 400 W·m^-2), moderate T and humility (T = 18 °C and RH > 40%). The relationship between V_dmax and SR was this function (y = 1.06 -exp (-0.0094 - x)). V_dmax increased with SR When SR < 400 W·m^-2, and V_dmax reached its maximum when SR =400 W·m^-2. V_dmax maintained its maximum when SR ≥ 400 W·m^-2. The relationship between V_dmax and T was “bell” curve (y = 1.06 - (x - 18)²/169). V_dmax reached its maximum when T = 18 °C. V_dmax decreased with RH when RH < 40 % (y = 0.030x - 0.106). The variation of V_d might uncertainty when RH was high. There was a liner positive relationship between friction velocity (u*) and V_d, but this relationship was not significant. The mean day-to-day and daytime contributions of stomatal and non-stomatal ozone deposition pathway to total ozone deposition were 32%, 68% and 42%, 58%, respectively, during the whole experimental period.