孔雀河下游断流河道的环境特征及物种间关系

基于孔雀河下游断流河道的环境因子和植被样地数据,采用聚类与CCA排序法,分析了生境的退化特征以及物种间的相互关系,结果表明:1)断流河道退化生境分为绿洲-荒漠过渡类型、轻度荒漠化类型和盐土荒漠化类型。绿洲-荒漠过渡类型地下水位低、盐分含量相对较低,植被盖度相对较高,土壤维持着原砂质壤土,为潜在退化型;轻度荒漠化类型地下水位、土壤质地与含盐量与前者基本相同,土壤未明显退化,但植被盖度低于10%,植物种类与个体数目都较低,属于轻度退化型;盐土荒漠化类型地下水位高、盐分含量高,土壤机械组成中砂粒比重较大、无建群种幸存,属于重度退化型。2)绿洲-荒漠过渡类型总体联结性为显著正联结,正负联结比小于1,生态系统表现为建群种维系物种关系的不稳定状态;轻度荒漠化类型总体联结性为不显著负联结,正负联结比小于1,表现出生态系统进入退化演替的阶段;盐土荒漠化类型总体联结性为显著正联结,正负联结比大于1,表现出重度退化群落的种间平衡状态,物种间以达到稳定共存,其中,真盐生植物对这种平衡的维持起着重要的作用。3)CCA排序表明,绿洲-荒漠过渡类型形成以胡杨为中心的种间正联结,幸存于盐分适中、水分养分相对较高的生境;轻度荒漠化类型,形成以多枝柽柳与刚毛柽柳相互依存的不显著负联结,幸存于土壤养分、水分相对较低的生境;盐土荒漠化类型形成以盐爪爪、盐节木、盐穗木等真盐生植物维系的显著正联结,幸存于土壤贫瘠、地下水位浅、盐分含量高、沙化严重的生境。     

Dried-up zone as a temporal stock of chironomid larvae: survival periods and density in a reservoir bank

The survival period, community composition and density of chironomid larvae were investigated at the reservoir bank in Yachiyoko Lake (Haji Dam), Hiroshima, Japan to verify their survivability in a dried-up zone. We define “dried-up zone” as the one that had been exposed to drought due to drawdown by evaporation and/or drainage. The larvae were collected from sediments at different altitudes along a transectional line. After larval rearing, 189 indiv. m⁻² of adults emerged even from the sediment of a 7-day drought (17.1% sedimental water content). The proportion of Tanytarsus oyamai Sasa in the community tended to be larger with dry periods, indicating that this species has a higher drought tolerance than other species. The mean density in the dried-up zone was estimated as 886.4 indiv. m⁻². Biomass is generally estimated by using the samples of only underwater sediment. These results show that some species have the potential to survive for at least one week in a dried-up zone and suggest that the biomass is likely to be highly underestimated for the entire ecosystem. A pathway of matter flow from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems via the larvae in a dried-up zone should be taken into consideration.     

新疆塔里木河下游断流河道输水与生态恢复

结合塔里木河下游输水过程中对9个地下水监测断面、18个植被样地的实地监测资料,分析了塔里木河下游输水条件下的浅层地下水位变化和天然植被的响应和恢复情况。研究结果表明,塔里木河下游输水有效地抬升了河道两侧的地下水位由输水前的6～8m抬升到了2～4m。在横向上,地下水位对输水的响应范围达到850m,胡杨和柽柳对地下水位变化的响应范围分别达到700和600m但对草本植物的影响范围较窄,林间沙地活化现象仍未得到遏制。提出为扩大输水的生态效应和加快受损生态系统的恢复重建,应在目前沿自然河道“线型”输水的基础上,分段实施河水漫溢的面上供水方案,并通过加强流域水管理、推广农业节水技术和加大河道整治力度等措施,来确保塔里木河下游一定的生态用水量。     

长江老江河国家级四大家鱼原种场鲢的生长特征

鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)是我国传统食用鱼,也是国际上养殖产量最高的鱼种.长江是鲢生产的摇篮和优质基因库.本文分析了2008年1月及12月采自湖北监利县老江河国家级四大家鱼原种场151尾鲢样本的年龄和生长特征,结果显示,体长(L)与鳞长(R)呈直线关系L=205.96R-6.374 0(r=0.948 6),体重(W)与体长呈幂函数关系W=0.023 4L2.941 1(r=0.995 5),生长规律可用Von Bertalanffy 方程Lt=93.77[1-e-0.208 7(t-0.031 1) 和Wt=19 293.35[1-0.208 7(t-0.031 1)]2.941 1表达.群体的生长拐点位于ti=5.14,拐点体长Lr=61.47 cm,拐点体重Wr=5 570.85 g.分析表明,渐近体长、渐近体重及拐点年龄等参数,老江河鲢的比20世纪80年代中期天鹅洲和90年代初湖口地区鲢的要低,生长参数发生了一些变化.