Mathematical modelling of runoff and material transport from drainage areas into recipient water bodies

This paper describes a set of mathematical models to calculate runoff, soil erosion and chemical substance yields for drainage areas. The models represent different degrees of complexity and details of describing hydrological and hydrochemical processes. The availability of initial information and the requirements of the task determine the choice of a model for each particular case. These models have been written as PC/AT programs, to enable their use by a wide range of specialists. The models have been tested in different physical and geographical conditions, e.g. in some small watersheds on the Karelian Isthmus, west of Lake Ladoga, and in experimental catchment areas located in the Valdai Hills area in the southern part of Lake Ladoga drainage area. In further applications the drainage area models have been combined with models of the recipient water body, to obtain a single model of a watershed-lake system. The results of tests have proved that the models can be used for evaluation, simulation and forecasting of the processes of rainfall and snowmelt runoff, infiltration, evaporation, water erosion and pollutant wash-off from drainage areas.     

Four fish species new to the Omo-Turkana basin,with comments on the distribution ofNemacheilus abyssinicus (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae) in Ethiopia

Four fish species,Pollimyrus isidori (Mormyridae),Barbus paludinosus, Labeo forskalii (Cyprinidae), andNemacheilus abyssinicus (Balitoridae), new to the Omo-Turkana basin, were recorded from the Gojeb River, a tributary of the Omo River (south-western Ethiopia). Occurrence of the latter species in the upper reaches of the Blue Nile and of the Omo drainage substantiates the belonging of the upper parts of these water systems to the Abyssinian highlands ichthyofaunal province.     

Estimating regional carbon stocks and spatially covarying edaphic factors using soil maps at three scales

Most estimates of regional and global soil carbon stocks are based on extrapolations of mean soil C contents for broad categories of soil or vegetation types. Uncertainties exist in both the estimates of mean soil C contents and the area over which each mean should be extrapolated. Geographic information systems now permit spatially referenced estimates of soil C at finer scales of resolution than were previously practical. We compared estimates of total soil C stocks of the state of Maine using three methods: (1) multiplying the area of the state by published means of soil C for temperate forests and for Spodosols; (2) calculating areas of inclusions of soil taxa in the 1:5,000,000 FAO/UNESCO Soils Map of the World and multiplying those areas by selected mean carbon contents; and (3) calculating soil C for each soil series and map unit in the 1:250,000 State Soil Geographic Data Base (STATSGO) and summing these estimates for the entire state. The STATSGO estimate of total soil C was between 23% and 49% higher than the common coarse scale extrapolations, primarily because STATSGO included data on Histosols, which cover less than 5% of the area of the state, but which constitute over one-third of the soil C. Spodosols cover about 65% of the state, but contribute less than 39% of the soil C. Estimates of total soil C in Maine based on the FAO map agreed within 8% of the STATSGO estimate for one possible matching of FAO soil taxa with data on soil C, but another plausible matching overestimated soil C stocks. We also compared estimates from the 1:250,000 STATSGO database and from the 1:20,000 Soil Survey Geographic Data Base (SSURGO) for a 7.5 minute quadrangle within the state. SSURGO indicated 13% less total soil C than did STATSGO, largely because the attribute data on depths of soil horizons in SSURGO are more specific for this locality. Despite localized differences, the STATSGO database offers promise of scaling up county soil survey data to regional scales because it includes attribute data and estimates of areal coverage of C-rich inclusions within map units. The spatially referenced data also permit examination of covariation of soil C stocks with soil properties thought to affect stabilization of soil C. Clay content was a poor predictor of soil C in Maine, but drainage class covaried significantly with soil C across the state.     

3种混交林造林初期土壤真菌群落结构特征

土壤微生物是参与陆地生态系统生物地球化学循环过程的重要成员。造林可以显著影响土壤微生物群落结构与功能,但造林初期驱动的土壤理化因子变化对土壤微生物结构与功能的影响尚不清楚。通过分析由珍稀乡土树种组成的三种新造混交林(BB:银杏Ginkgo biloba-桢楠Phoebe zhennan;CB:香椿Toona sinensis-红豆杉Taxus wallichiana-桢楠Phoebe zhennan;MB:鹅掌楸Liriodendron chinense-乐昌含笑Michelia chapensis-香椿Toona sinensis-玉兰Yulania denudata)表层(0-20 cm)土壤真菌群落组成、功能类群及其土壤理化因子,并以草灌化未造林地作对照(CK),研究土壤真菌群落结构和功能对不同林型造林初期的响应。结果表明:(1)不同林型土壤真菌群落丰富度、多样性指数高于CK,表现为MB＞BB＞CB＞CK,主要受到土壤孔隙度、水解性氮的影响。(2)土壤真菌门水平优势类群在不同处理间无显著差异,其中子囊菌门占绝对优势,MB中的被孢霉门相对丰度显著高于CK(P＜0.05)。与CK相比,球囊菌门与Leptodiscella相对丰度在各林型中均降低。(3)通过非度量多维尺度(NMDS)与置换多元方差(Adonis)分析表明,造林初期,造林土壤真菌群落结构与CK存在显著差异(P＜0.01)。冗余分析(RDA) 分析表明全钾、水解性氮、土壤容重及土壤碳氮比是影响真菌群落指示种的主要土壤理化因子;被孢霉门与水解性氮、碳氮比、全氮、非毛管孔隙度、含水率均呈正相关,与全钾呈负相关。(4)真菌群落主要以腐生营养型为主,病理营养型次之;造林后腐生营养型真菌相对丰度降低,而土壤腐生菌的相对丰度在BB与MB处理中反而显著增加(P＜0.05);MB处理中动物病原菌的相对丰度显著增加(P＜0.05);真菌优势功能类群主要受到土壤pH、土壤孔隙度、土壤碳氮比(C/N)、土壤有机质、全氮、全钾的影响。造林初期土壤真菌群落结构与功能类群发生了显著改变,阔阔混交林较针阔混交林变化更加明显,其中多种阔叶树混交林病原菌相对更高。     

不同林龄杨树农田防护林土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物活性

以辽宁省建平县5、10、15和20年生4个林龄的杨树农田防护林为对象,以农田作为对照,研究了农田营造防护林对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及微生物活性的影响.结果表明：农田营造防护林后,0～15 cm层土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、氮含量和土壤基础呼吸均呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,在造林20年后达到或超过未造林农田的水平;而代谢熵在造林5年后显著增加,然后随着林龄的增加而降低.上述结果表明,农田营造杨树防护林后,土壤微生物生物量和活性均发生了明显的变化.     

Nutrient limitation of algal periphyton in streams along an acid mine drainage gradient

Metal oxyhydroxide precipitates that form from acid mine drainage (AMD) may indirectly limit periphyton by sorbing nutrients, particularly P. We examined effects of nutrient addition on periphytic algal biomass (chl a), community structure, and carbon and nitrogen content along an AMD gradient. Nutrient diffusing substrata with treatments of +P, +NP and control were placed at seven stream sites. Conductivity and SO₄ concentration ranged over an order of magnitude among sites and were used to define the AMD gradient, as they best indicate mine discharge sources of metals that create oxyhydroxide precipitates. Aqueous total phosphorous (TP) ranged from 2 to 23 μg · L^?1 and significantly decreased with increasing SO₄. Mean chl a concentrations at sites ranged from 0.2 to 8.1 μg · cm^?2. Across all sites, algal biomass was significantly higher on +NP than control treatments (Co), and significantly increased with +NP. The degree of nutrient limitation was determined by the increase in chl a concentration on +NP relative to Co (response ratio), which ranged from 0.6 to 9.7. Response to nutrient addition significantly declined with increasing aqueous TP, and significantly increased with increasing SO₄. Thus, nutrient limitation of algal biomass increased with AMD impact, indicating metal oxyhydroxides associated with AMD likely decreased P availability. Algal species composition was significantly affected by site but not nutrient treatment. Percent carbon content of periphyton on the Co significantly increased with AMD impact and corresponded to an increase in the relative abundance of Chlorophytes. Changes in periphyton biomass and cellular nutrient content associated with nutrient limitation in AMD streams may affect higher trophic levels.     

Fluctuations of the soil environment and fine root growth in a young Sitka spruce plantation

Summary From soil cores extracted at 5 day intervals from 3 May to 6 August it was found that the biomass of fine roots in a Sitka spruce plantation, 14 years old, fluctuated with maxima in late May and mid July. The earlier peak coincides with increasing soil temperatures during a period of high incident precipitation and the latter developed when the soil profile was rewetted. Fine root biomass and soil moisture tension (SMT) were significantly and negatively correlated in three of four soil horizons. Root mortality occurred whenever incident precipitation failed to maintain soil moisture tension near zero. In the very open pored horizons the critical SMT for root death was unexpected small, <0.1 bars; in the peat horizons it wasc 0.2 bars.     

Fe- and S-Metabolizing Microbial Communities Dominate an AMD-Contaminated River Ecosystem and Play Important Roles in Fe and S Cycling

Indigenous Fe- and S-metabolizing bacteria play important roles both in the formation and the natural attenuation of acid mine drainage (AMD). Due to its low pH and Fe-S-rich waters, a river located in the Dabaoshan Mine area provides an ideal opportunity to study indigenous Fe- and S-metabolizing microbial communities and their roles in biogeochemical Fe and S cycling. In this work, water and sediment samples were collected from the river for physicochemical, mineralogical, and microbiological analyses. Illumina MiSeq sequencing indicated higher species richness in the sediment than in the water. Sequencing also found that Fe- and S-metabolizing bacteria were the dominant microorganisms in the heavily and moderately contaminated areas. Fe- and S-metabolizing bacteria found in the water were aerobes or facultative anaerobes, including Acidithiobacillus, Acidiphilium, Thiomonas, Gallionella, and Leptospirillum. Fe- and S-metabolizing bacteria found in the sediment belong to microaerobes, facultative anaerobes, or obligatory anaerobes, including Acidithiobacillus, Sulfobacillus, Thiomonas, Gallionella, Geobacter, Geothrix, and Clostridium. Among the dominant genera in the sediment, Geobacter and Geothrix were rarely detected in AMD-contaminated natural environments. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that pH, S, and Fe concentration gradients were the most important factors in structuring the river microbial community. Moreover, a scheme explaining the biogeochemical Fe and S cycling is advanced in light of the Fe and S species distribution and the identified Fe- and S-metabolizing bacteria.     

树叶凋落物在受酸性矿山废水污染溪流中的分解

为了解华南地区酸性矿山废水对溪流中树叶分解的影响,在广东省大宝山矿区附近的1条受酸性矿山废水污染（pH值为2．7—3．4且富含多种重金属元素）的3级溪流中,利用2种孔径（5ram的网袋和0．1ram的布袋）的分解网袋对2种树叶（人面子和蒲桃）进行了为期101d的树叶分解研究。结果表明,人面子树叶网袋和布袋中的树叶干重剩余率分别为39％和48％,而蒲桃树叶网袋和布袋中的干重剩余率仍保持较高的水平,分别为61％和70％。根据指数衰减模型计算出树叶分解的半衰期,人面子树叶在网袋和布袋中的分解半衰期分别为57d和69d,而蒲桃树叶则分别为14-4d和217d。蒲桃树叶的分解速率明显比人面子树叶慢。在网袋中定殖的底栖动物主要是集食者,其中优势类群为摇蚊幼虫,占底栖动物个体总数的99％。摇蚊种群在网袋中的数量波动对2种树叶分解速率的影响并不明显。结果表明,受酸性矿山废水的影响,底栖动物群落的多样性大为减少。同时由于各种金属氧化物在树叶表面的不断沉淀,使树叶处于缺氧状态,抑制了微生物的活动,导致树叶分解速率大为降低。