宁夏贺兰山斑子麻黄种群的性比及雌雄空间格局

摘要：性比、空间分布格局及关联性对雌雄异株种群的繁殖、进化与发展具有重要影响。斑子麻黄是雌雄异株且狭域分布的国家二级保护植物,在维持贺兰山荒漠生态系统稳定性和多样性发挥着重要作用,但有关斑子麻黄种群性比的研究未见报道。本文分析了宁夏贺兰山四个不同海拔(S1、S2、S3、S4)斑子麻黄天然种群性比、空间分布格局及关联性。结果表明：（1）斑子麻黄性比与生长环境条件密切相关。4个种群都偏雄,生长环境严酷的S3、S4种群性别显著偏雄（p=0.02）;不同龄级分析显示由于环境的差异对斑子麻黄种群偏雄的选择发生不同的龄级,生境条件好的S1、S2种群在幼龄和成年阶段显著偏雌或有偏雌趋势,偏雄发生在老年阶段;而生长环境严酷的S3、S4种群偏雄发生在幼龄阶段,成年和老年阶段有偏雄的趋势。（2）雌雄种群的关联性会决定种群的发展。S1、S3、S4雌雄空间关联性表现为“正关联→不关联”,雌雄的相互关联有利于繁殖,3个种群为稳定型;而S2种群在整个尺度上都表现为“无关联”,雌雄群体相互独立,各自发展,缺乏幼年、成年植株,为衰退种群。研究结果揭示了斑子麻黄雌雄群体的组成、结构及分布特征,为其保育提供了理论依据。     

Identification of two markers linked to the sex locus in dioecious <Emphasis Type="Italic">Asparagus officinalis</Emphasis> plants

One hundred decamer primers of random-amplified polymorphic DNA were tested on dioecious Asparagus officinalis plants to identify sex-linked molecular markers. One primer (S368) produced two markers (S368-928 and S368-1178) in female plants. These two DNA markers were identified in 30 male and female plants, respectively, and a S368-928 marker was proved to be linked to the female sex locus. The female-linked S368-928 marker was sequenced and specific primers were synthesized to generate a 928 bp marker of sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) in female plants, SCAR₉₂₈. SCAR₉₂₈ could be used to correctly screen homozygous mm female plants of A. officinalis. However, results of Southern blot analysis suggest that the hybridization pattern of S368-928 was presented in both sex plants. This text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Hydrophilous pollination and breeding system evolution in seagrasses: a phylogenetic approach to the evolutionary ecology of the Cymodoceaceae

COX, P. A. & HUMPHRIES, C. J. 1992. Hydrophilous pollination and breeding system evolution in seagrasses: a phylogenetic approach to the evolutionary ecology of the Cymodoceaceae. A phylogenetic analysis of seagrasses of the Cymodoceaceae shows the Cymodoceaceae to be monophyletic and Posidoniaceae to be their sister group. Information on the pollination ecologies and breeding systems of the various genera of the Cymodoceaceae were plotted onto the consensus tree obtained for the group. From this analysis, it is suggested that the clade composed of the Zosteraceae, Posidoniaceae and Cymodoceaceae evolved from a freshwater hydrophilous ancestor that developed submarine pollination and filiform pollen in association with invasion of the marine environment. Dioecism and surface pollination appear to have evolved in the progenitor of the Cymodoceaceae, and hence the seagrasses of the Cymodoceaceae are dioecious due to common descent rather than to convergent evolutionary processes in extant genera.     

Nectaries and reproductive biology of Croton sarcopetalus (Euphorbiaceae)

Flower morphology, nectary structure, nectar chemical composition, breeding system, floral visitors and pollination were analysed in Croton sarcopetalus , a diclinous-monoecious shrub from Argentina. Male flowers have five receptacular nectaries, with no special vascular bundles, that consist of a uniserial epidermis with stomata subtended by a secretory parenchyma. Female flowers bear two different types of nectaries: inner (IN) and outer (ON) floral nectaries. IN, five in all, are structurally similar to the nectaries of male flowers. The five ON are vascularized, stalked, and composed of secretory, column-shaped epidermal cells without stomata subtended by secretory and ground parenchyma. In addition, ON act as post-floral nectaries secreting nectar during fruit ripening. Extrafloral nectaries (EFN) are located on petioles, stipules and leaf margins. Petiolar EFN are patelliform, stalked and anatomically similar to the ON of the female flower. Nectar sampled from all nectary types is hexose dominant, except for the ON of the female flower at the post-floral stage that is sucrose dominant. The species is self-compatible, but geitonogamous fertilization is rarely possible because male and female flowers are not usually open at the same time in the same individual, i.e. there is temporal dioecism. Flowers are visited by 22 insect species, wasps being the most important group of pollinators. No significant differences were found in fruit and seed set between natural and hand pollinated flowers. This pattern indicates that fruit production in this species is not pollen/pollinator limited and is mediated by a wide array of pollinators.     

沙棘雌雄株叶片解剖结构比较研究

为了研究沙棘雌、雄株叶片的第二性征,本文采用石蜡切片法观察了沙棘雌、雄株叶片结构的差异。结果表明：（1）沙棘雌、雄株叶片均由表皮、叶肉和叶脉3部分组成,表皮均由1层细胞构成,表皮毛发达,上表皮有拟泡状细胞;叶肉栅栏组织与海绵组织分化明显。（2）雌株上表皮具更多的拟泡状细胞,其主脉韧皮部薄壁细胞及其下方的一些薄壁细胞含较多的后含物,下表皮的表皮毛更浓密;而雄株的叶片厚度、叶片上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度均显著大于雌株,且其主脉维管束更发达。结果表明,沙棘雌雄株叶片解剖结构存在明显差异,这些差异是第二性征的表现,也是沙棘长期进化中形成的稳健的适应策略,可能有利于该物种的繁衍。     

不同支持物对攀援植物--葎草雌雄株光合特性及生物量结构的影响

葎草[Humulus scandens(Lour.)Merr.]为草本雌雄异株攀援植物,采用野生种群人为控制的方法,设置分枝找到乔木支持物(高度(3±0.5)m)、灌木支持物(高度(1±0.5)m)和无支持物3种生长方式,测定雌(♀)、雄(♂)株分枝的叶面积参数、光合参数、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量及茎、叶、花在分枝、构件、单株水平下生物量分配比等指标,分析支持物对分枝光合特性和生物量结构的影响,探讨雌、雄分枝利用支持物的性别差异及响应支持物的生态适应差异。结果表明:(1)分枝的单叶面积、总叶面积、叶面积比率、比叶面积对支持物响应存在性别差异,♀株叶面积参数均大于♂株;支持物差异主要影响叶绿素a含量,对叶绿素b、叶绿素a/b影响不显著。(2)支持物差异对分枝叶片的光合参数均有显著的影响(P0.05),支持物对光合参数影响顺序为GsPnTrCi,性别差异影响顺序为GsTrPnCi;可溶性糖含量在性别间、支持物间均表现出极显著的差异(P0.01),♂株糖含量显著高于♀株。(3)在分枝水平下,♀株叶、茎及花生物量分配比都未受到支持物不同的影响(P≥0.05),而♂株在叶、茎的生物量分配比方面受影响显著(P0.05);在构件水平下,支持物差异显著影响了♂株分枝间的营养生长构件分配比,显著影响了♀株分枝间的生殖生长构件分配比;在单株水平下,叶分配比仅在支持物间差异显著(P0.05),而茎、花分配比在性别间、支持物间均有显著差异。(4)雌雄分枝的光合特性和生物量结构对不同支持物的响应差异明显,使葎草单株的生理整合性和适应性大幅度提高。研究以雌雄异株攀援植物为材料,从分枝水平分析支持物对雌雄株光合特性及生物量结构的影响,研究结果对探讨雌雄异株攀援植物的生态适应性具一定的价值。     

罗汉松雌雄株叶形态结构的比较研究

该研究以雌雄异株植物罗汉松(Podocarpus macrophyllus)成熟叶为研究材料,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察比较罗汉松雌、雄植株叶在形态、显微结构和超显微结构的差异,以明确罗汉松雌、雄株在进化过程中叶对环境功能的适应性。结果显示:(1)罗汉松雌株的叶片大于雄株,且两者的叶长、叶宽和叶柄长差异极显著,而叶柄厚、叶面积、叶体积、叶质量、比叶重(SLW)、面积与体积之比(A/V)等性状无显著差异。(2)雌株叶片的气孔相对较大,密度较高,且雌株气孔宽度极显著大于雄株;雌株叶片的上表皮长细胞宽度和下表皮短细胞宽度均显著大于雄株,但雌株叶片的上表皮长细胞和短细胞的长度则显著小于雄株。(3)罗汉松雌株叶片的栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、传输组织长度和宽度、上下角质层厚度、维管束厚度、叶片紧密度(CTR)及疏松度(SR)均极显著大于雄株,而雌株的下表皮厚度极显著小于雄株,但雌雄株叶片的上表皮细胞厚度和栅海比差异不显著;雌株叶片的栅栏组织细胞、叶绿体和线粒体均较雄株的长而细,且雌株的线粒体宽度极显著小于雄株。(4)罗汉松雌株叶片上表皮蜡质饰纹、下表皮角质层纹饰、气孔外拱盖纹饰及内缘类型等4个微形态特征与雄株差异明显。(5)叶表皮蜡质层能谱分析表明,罗汉松雌株叶片含有9种元素,而雄株叶片仅有8种(缺少K元素);且雌株的Si元素含量高于雄株,而雄株的C、O、Na、Mg、Al、Ca和Au元素含量均高于雌株。研究表明,罗汉松雌、雄植株之间存在明显的第二性征,雌株叶片结构有助于提高光合等性能以满足生殖需求;罗汉松雌、雄株叶形态结构的差异是其长期进化形成的有利于物种繁衍的适应策略。     

Chiropterophily and ornithophily inFreycinetia (Pandanaceae) in Samoa

In Samoa, field observations, experiments, and SEM micrographs of hair and feather samples indicate the dioecious lianaFreycinetia reineckei to be both chiropterophilous and ornithophilous with the principal pollinators being an endemic flying fox,Pteropus samoensis, and an endemic starling,Aplonis atrifuscus. Nutritional analysis of staminate and pistillate inflorescenses indicate qualitative and quantitative differences between the rewards offered by the two sexes. No nectar is presented, the principal pollinator rewards being fleshy bracts and pollen. As a result, staminate and bisexual inflorescenses sustain higher levels of pollinator damage, a factor which may tend to maintain dioecism within the population.     

Hydrophilous pollination and reproductive morphology in the seagrassPhyllospadix scouleri (Zosteraceae)

In the seagrassPhyllospadix scouleri (Zosteraceae) floral aggregates (spadices) occur on short lateral axes produced by subordinate vegetative shoots. The filamentous pollen is both dispersed on the surface of the sea as well as below the surface. In surface pollination, snowflake-like search vehicles (pollen rafts) float and collide with any rigid female inflorescences that emerge from the water surface. In submarine pollination, collinear bundles of pollen grains are dispersed. Analysis of seed set indicates ovule position within the inflorescence to affect likelihood of fertilization in submarine, but not surface-pollinated inflorescences. Agamospermy appears to be unlikely, but the strongly female-biased shoot sex ratio remains to be explained.