全文获取类型
| 收费全文 | 541篇 |
| 免费 | 112篇 |
| 国内免费 | 32篇 |
专业分类
| 685篇 |
出版年
| 2025年 | 7篇 |
| 2024年 | 13篇 |
| 2023年 | 17篇 |
| 2022年 | 32篇 |
| 2021年 | 25篇 |
| 2020年 | 19篇 |
| 2019年 | 29篇 |
| 2018年 | 18篇 |
| 2017年 | 21篇 |
| 2016年 | 25篇 |
| 2015年 | 25篇 |
| 2014年 | 20篇 |
| 2013年 | 19篇 |
| 2012年 | 24篇 |
| 2011年 | 31篇 |
| 2010年 | 26篇 |
| 2009年 | 26篇 |
| 2008年 | 27篇 |
| 2007年 | 20篇 |
| 2006年 | 25篇 |
| 2005年 | 32篇 |
| 2004年 | 21篇 |
| 2003年 | 23篇 |
| 2002年 | 19篇 |
| 2001年 | 21篇 |
| 2000年 | 17篇 |
| 1999年 | 15篇 |
| 1998年 | 7篇 |
| 1997年 | 11篇 |
| 1996年 | 7篇 |
| 1995年 | 10篇 |
| 1994年 | 7篇 |
| 1993年 | 8篇 |
| 1992年 | 6篇 |
| 1991年 | 4篇 |
| 1990年 | 3篇 |
| 1989年 | 3篇 |
| 1988年 | 3篇 |
| 1987年 | 2篇 |
| 1986年 | 3篇 |
| 1985年 | 2篇 |
| 1984年 | 1篇 |
| 1983年 | 1篇 |
| 1982年 | 2篇 |
| 1981年 | 2篇 |
| 1980年 | 2篇 |
| 1978年 | 1篇 |
| 1977年 | 1篇 |
| 1976年 | 1篇 |
| 1973年 | 1篇 |
排序方式： 共有685条查询结果，搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
2.
Abstract. Forest herbs differ greatly in their capacity to recolonize secondary forests established on former agricultural land. We investigated whether interspecific differences in recruitment or growth can account for differences in colonization success. Seeds and adults of two species with limited colonization capacities (Anemone nemorosa and Primula elatior) and two species with high colonization capacities (Ranunculus ficaria and Geum urbanum) were introduced in ancient and recent forest sites within the Muizen forest (Belgium). At all sites, half of the plots were also cleared of above‐ground vegetation. Seedling establishment was similar in recent and ancient forest sites. However, both the number and subsequent survival of seedlings of the two hemicryptophytes (G. urbanum and P. elatior) were significantly lower when vegetation cover was present, while seedling number and survival of the two geophytes (A. nemorosa and R. ficaria) were less influenced by vegetation cover. Adult performance of P. elatior and G. urbanum was significantly better in the nutrient enriched recent forest stands and in the absence of vegetation cover. Performance of A. nemorosa and R. ficaria was not affected by any of these factors. We conclude that the extent of seed limitation is probably the main cause for the different colonization capacities of the species investigated. 相似文献
3.
Rafiqul I. Chowdhury Mohammed Ataharul Islam 《Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift》2020,62(4):898-915
Life expectancy is increasing in many countries and this may lead to a higher frequency of adverse health outcomes. Therefore, there is a growing demand for predicting the risk of a sequence of events based on specified factors from repeated outcomes. We proposed regressive models and a framework to predict the joint probabilities of a sequence of events for multinomial outcomes from longitudinal studies. The Markov chain is used to link marginal and sequence of conditional probabilities to predict the joint probability. Marginal and sequence of conditional probabilities are estimated using marginal and regressive models. An application is shown using the Health and Retirement Study data. The bias of parameter estimates for all models from all bootstrap simulation is less than 1% in most of the cases. The estimated mean squared error is also very low. Results from the simulation study show negligible bias and the usefulness of the proposed model. The proposed model and framework would be useful to solve real-life problems from various fields and big data analysis. 相似文献
4.
Zapata C 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2000,54(5):1809-1812
Abstract The D ' coefficient is one of the most commonly used measures of the extent of gametic disequilibrium between multiallelic loci. It has been suggested that the range of the D ' measure of overall disequilibrium between pairs of multiallelic loci depends on allele frequencies, except under some very restricted conditions. Nevertheless, the problem of dependence of the range of D ' has not been characterized under a wide set of possible polymorphisms. Evaluation of the utility of D ' as a measure of the strength of overall disequilibrium between all possible pairs of alleles at two multiallelic loci requires better knowledge of its range than is currently available. In this work, the conditions of polymorphism under which the range of D ' is frequency independent are given. It is found that the range of D ' is more often independent of allelic frequencies than is commonly thought. Furthermore, the range of D ' undergoes only small fluctuations as a function of the polymorphisms at the loci. Numerical cases and microsatellite data from humans are used for illustration. These observations indicate that the D ' coefficient is a useful tool for the estimation and comparison of the extent of overall disequilibrium across pairs of multiallelic loci. 相似文献
5.
Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models 总被引：186，自引：0，他引：186
6.
Lesley Bulluck Erica Fleishman Chris Betrus Rob Blair 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2006,15(1):27-38
Aim Predictive models of species occurrence have potential for prioritizing areas for competing land uses. Before widespread application, however, it is necessary to evaluate performance using independent data and effective accuracy measures. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the effects of species occurrence rate on model accuracy, (2) assess the effects of spatial and temporal variation in occurrence rate on model accuracy, and (3) determine if the number of predictor variables affected model accuracy. Location We predicted the distributions of breeding birds in three adjacent mountain ranges in the Great Basin (Nevada, USA). Methods For each of 18 species, we developed separate models using five different data sets — one set for each of 2 years (to address the effects of temporal variation), and one set for each of three possible pairs of mountain ranges (to address the effects of spatial variation). We evaluated each model with an independent data set using four accuracy measures: discrimination ability [area under a receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)], correct classification rate (CCR), proportion of presences correctly classified (sensitivity), and proportion of absences correctly classified (specificity). Results Discrimination ability was not affected by occurrence rate, whereas the other three accuracy measures were significantly affected. CCR, sensitivity and specificity were affected by species occurrence rate in the evaluation data sets to a greater extent than in the model‐building data sets. Discrimination ability was the only accuracy measure affected by the number of variables in a model. Main conclusions Temporal variation in species occurrence appeared to have a greater impact than did spatial variation. When temporal variation in species distributions is great, the relative costs of omission and commission errors should be assessed and long‐term census data should be examined before using predictive models of occurrence in a management setting. 相似文献
7.
This paper presents a method for analysing longitudinal data when there are dropouts. In particular, we develop a simple method based on generalized linear mixture models for handling nonignorable dropouts for a variety of discrete and continuous outcomes. Statistical inference for the model parameters is based on a generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach (Liang and Zeger, 1986). The proposed method yields estimates of the model parameters that are valid when nonresponse is nonignorable under a variety of assumptions concerning the dropout process. Furthermore, the proposed method can be implemented using widely available statistical software. Finally, an example using data from a clinical trial of contracepting women is used to illustrate the methodology. 相似文献
8.
Previous investigations of exposure to electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields (EMF) in households were either about electricity supply EMFs or radio frequency EMFs (RF‐EMFs). We report results from spot measurements at the bedside that comprise electrostatic fields, extremely low‐frequency electric fields (ELF‐EFs), extremely low‐frequency magnetic fields (ELF‐MFs), and RF‐EMFs. Measurements were taken in 226 households throughout Lower Austria. In addition, effects of simple reduction measures (e.g., removal of clock radios or increasing their distance from the bed, turning off Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication (DECT) telephone base stations) were assessed. All measurements were well below International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guideline levels. Average night‐time ELF‐MFs (long‐term measurement from 10 pm to 6 am, geometric mean over households) above 100 nT were obtained in 2.3%, and RF‐EMFs above 1000 µW/m2 in 7.1% of households. Highest ELF‐EFs were primarily due to lamps beside the bed (max = 166 V/m), and highest ELF‐MFs because of transformers of devices (max = 1030 nT) or high current of power lines (max = 380 nT). The highest values of RF‐EMFs were caused by DECT telephone base stations (max = 28979 µW/m2) and mobile phone base stations (max = 4872 µW/m2). Simple reduction measures resulted in an average decrease of 23 nT for ELF‐MFs, 23 V/m for ELF‐EFs, and 246 µW/m2 for RF‐EMFs. A small but statistically significant correlation between ELF‐MF exposure and overall RF‐EMF levels of R = 0.16 (P = 0.008) was computed that was independent of type (flat, single family) and location (urban, rural) of houses. Bioelectromagnetics 31:200–208, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
9.
Virtual identification of essential proteins within the protein interaction network of yeast 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Estrada E 《Proteomics》2006,6(1):35-40
Topological analysis of large scale protein-protein interaction networks (PINs) is important for understanding the organizational and functional principles of individual proteins. The number of interactions that a protein has in a PIN has been observed to be correlated with its indispensability. Essential proteins generally have more interactions than the nonessential ones. We show here that the lethality associated with removal of a protein from the yeast proteome correlates with different centrality measures of the nodes in the PIN, such as the closeness of a protein to many other proteins, or the number of pairs of proteins which need a specific protein as an intermediary in their communications, or the participation of a protein in different protein clusters in the PIN. These measures are significantly better than random selection in identifying essential proteins in a PIN. Centrality measures based on graph spectral properties of the network, in particular the subgraph centrality, show the best performance in identifying essential proteins in the yeast PIN. Subgraph centrality gives important structural information about the role of individual proteins, and permits the selection of possible targets for rational drug discovery through the identification of essential proteins in the PIN. 相似文献
10.