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1.
Comparative bottom trawl and longline surveys were carried out on two chartered commercial fishing vessels in the deep waters (350-1300 m) of the Rockall Trough, an area subjected to heavy commercial exploitation. The species composition, catch rates and length distributions from each survey were very different and reflected the fundamental difference in the two types of fishing operations. Bottom-trawled catches produced greater species diversity and higher discard rates. Longline catches produced larger specimens of teleost fish and were dominated by squalid shark. Trawl discards, expressed as kgs of discards per tonne of roundnose grenadier Coryphaenoides rupestris landed, were calculated for a broad range of the most abundant species taken in the catch. First estimates of total international discarding from deep-water trawling operations in the Rockall Trough area (7530 tonnes; 26.5 million individuals) were made by raising the discard rates using international grenadier landings for 1995. The outlook for the continued exploitation of the deep-water fish resource in the Rockall Trough and possible management options are discussed.  相似文献   
2.
【目的】研究饲养在西藏高原的放牧藏猪、舍饲藏猪和商品猪(杜长大猪,DLY猪)粪便中真菌群落组成的差异性,获取与饲粮粗纤维消化相关的真菌群落。【方法】以饲养在西藏高原的5月龄放牧藏猪、舍饲藏猪和DLY猪为研究对象,采用消化试验测定放牧藏猪、舍饲藏猪和DLY猪对饲粮粗纤维的表观消化率。采集粪便样品利用单分子实时测序技术(SMRT),测定粪便真菌ITS基因全长序列,分析粪便真菌群落的结构和多样性,采用Pearson相关分析获取饲粮粗纤维表观消化率与真菌群落的相关性。【结果】在放牧藏猪、舍饲藏猪和DLY猪的粪便样品中共鉴定出了4个门、13个纲、23个目、39个科、55个属、58个种,放牧藏猪在各分类水平的分类单元数均显著高于舍饲藏猪与DLY猪(P<0.05)。子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)是优势菌门,在门水平下,放牧藏猪、舍饲藏猪和DLY猪间无显著差异(P≥0.05),但在纲、目、科、属、种水平下,放牧藏猪多个真菌类群相对丰度显著高于舍饲藏猪与DLY猪(P<0.05)。放牧藏猪具有更高的菌群丰富度和独有分类操作单元(OTU)(P<0....  相似文献   
3.
为了比较5个茶用菊新品种(系)的产量水平,并筛选出获得高产的定植期和摘心方案,以 ‘苏菊10号’、‘苏菊12号’、‘苏菊13号’、‘CH1-44’、‘CH5-13’ 为试材,采用三因素裂区试验设计,主区为早、中、晚3个定植期,裂区为5个新品种(系),裂裂区为4种摘心方案,比较不同栽培措施下植株生长和产量的差异.结果表明: 5个新品种(系)中,‘CH5-13’和‘苏菊13号’产量相对较高,‘CH1-44’和‘苏菊10号’产量次之,‘苏菊12号’产量最低;5月27日中期定植、二次摘心措施下5个新品种(系)的株高、冠幅、单株花数、花径、单花鲜质量、单株产量和单位面积产量均显著优于其他处理,较5月7日和6月13日定植分别提高16.0%和19.0%、18.0%和22.8%、36.7%和42.2%、11.1%和2.3%、13.0%和4.0%、47.8%和36.6%、48.5%和36.7%.随着摘心时间的推迟,株高显著降低,二次摘心株高较不摘心降低50.2%;二次摘心处理的冠幅、单株花数、单花鲜质量、单株产量和单位面积产量最高,较不摘心依次提高17.0%、29.1%、5.5%、34.0%和34.8%.品种(系)、定植期、摘心方案3个因素对茶用菊生长性状和产量影响作用的大小依次为:定植期>品种>摘心.  相似文献   
4.
Objective: In 1999, the Partnership for Healthy Weight Management recommended that providers of commercial weight‐loss programs (and products) voluntarily disclose information concerning the safety, costs, and central components of their programs, as well as the credentials of program staff. These guidelines were drafted without the benefit of data from consumers concerning the specific information they desired. The present study provides such data. Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 90 women with a mean age of 44.02 ± 9.17 years and body mass index of 36.11 ± 4.82 kg/m2 who were participants in one of two randomized weight‐control trials. Before treatment, respondents were asked to imagine that they were “looking for a weight‐loss plan” and to rate how important each of 16 factors would be in helping them select a plan. Ratings were made using 5‐point scales, anchored by “not at all important” and “extremely important,” (scored 1 and 5, respectively). Participants also identified the five factors that they thought were the most important, as well as the single most important. Results: The mean rating for the importance of safety (4.57 ± 0.60) was significantly greater than that for each of the 15 other variables (all p values < 0.05). In addition, significantly more respondents (27.8%) selected safety as the single most important factor than any other variable (all p values < 0.05). Other factors that were consistently judged as very important included information about diet (4.38 ± 0.68), behavior modification (4.32 ± 0.76), cost (4.19 ± 0.92), and maintenance of weight loss (4.15 ± 0.91). Staff credentials (3.88 ± 0.83) were among the lowest rated items. Discussion: The results generally support the disclosure guidelines proposed by the Partnership for Health Weight Management. Consumers, however, seem to desire information about weight loss, in addition to that concerning safety, cost, and central program components.  相似文献   
5.
不同菜豆品种(系)对美洲斑潜蝇种群参数的影响   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
李绍勤  邓望喜  谢宪高 《生态学报》2002,22(8):1354-1357
在温度 (2 7± 1 )℃、湿度为 70 %± 5 %的实验室条件下 ,测定了菜豆属矮生菜豆 (无架 )、西宁豆、83 -B架豆、白花架豆、新春架豆等 5个菜豆品种 (系 )对美洲斑潜蝇种群参数的影响。结果表明 ,美洲斑潜蝇的各虫态发育历期 ,成虫寿命 ,卵、幼虫和蛹的存活率 ,蛹重 ,成虫产卵量和持续产卵期在 5个品种 (系 )间均存在显著性差异 (α=0 .0 5 )。其中美洲斑潜蝇在选择性弱的品种 83 -B架豆上表现为幼虫、蛹的历期最长 ,蛹的存活率最低 ;在选择性强的白花架豆上则表现为卵 -蛹的历期最短 ,幼虫存活率最高 ,蛹重最重  相似文献   
6.
The competitiveness and sustainability of low input cost dairy production systems are generally supported by efficient use of pasture in the diets. Therefore, pasture intake directly affects overall efficiency of these systems. We aimed to assess feeding and grazing management main factors that affect pasture dry matter intake (DMI) in commercial dairy farms during the different seasons of the year. Fortnightly visits to 28 commercial dairies were carried out between June 2016 and May 2017 to record production and price, supplement offered and price, pasture access time (PAT), herbage mass (HM) and allowance (HA). Only farms with the most contrasting estimated pasture DMI per cow (eDMI) were compared as systems with high (HPI; N = 8) or low (LPI; N = 8) pasture DMI. Despite a lower individual milk production in HPI than LPI (19.0 v. 23.3 ± 0.7 l/cow, P < 0.01), daily margin over feeding cost was not different between groups (3.07 v. 2.93 ± 0.15 U$S/cow for HPI and LPI, respectively). During autumn and winter, HPI cows ingested more pasture than LPI cows (8.3 v. 4.6 and 5.9 v. 2.9 ± 0.55 kg DM/cow per day, respectively, P < 0.01) although PAT, HM and HA were similar between groups. Both groups offered high supplementation levels during these seasons, even though greater in LPI than HPI (14.7 v. 9.7 ± 0.7 kg DM supplement/cow per day, respectively, P < 0.01). On the other hand, differences between groups for both pasture and supplement DMI were more contrasting during spring and summer (13.1 v. 7.3 ± 0.5 and 4.0 v. 11.4 ± 0.4 kg DM/cow per day for HPI and LPI, respectively, P < 0.01), with higher PAT in both seasons (P < 0.05) and higher HA during summer in HPI than LPI (P < 0.01). Unlike LPI, during these seasons HPI adjusted offered supplement according to HA, achieving a higher pasture eDMI and making more efficient use of available pastoral resource than LPI. As there was no grazing limiting condition for pasture harvesting in either group, the main factor affecting pasture DMI was a pasture by supplement substitution effect. These results reinforce the importance of an efficient grazing management, and using supplements to nutritionally complement pasture intake rather than as a direct way to increase milk production.  相似文献   
7.
Summary Genetic effects for varietal value are defined at the level of the population of k-parent synthetic varieties. A simple expression for the total variance among synthetics arises directly from these definitions. A general expression for the covariance among related synthetics is given. Genetic effects are also defined in a completely general way so as to allow for any system of testing and used to derive an expression for the genetic advance in recurrent selection for varietal value. Covariances between relatives evaluated in the system of testing and in varietal combination are introduced, allowing a direct expression of the genetic advance in varietal development when parents are selected either individually or in groups. Some general implications for plant breeding are outlined.Dedicated to Professor F.W. Schnell on the occasion of his 65th birthday  相似文献   
8.
Summary A general model for the evolution of pathogen populations on mixtures or multilines is developed. This model is used to extend previous analyses of the effects of the widespread cultivation of multilines on the evolution of virulence in obligate parasites to mixtures of lines carrying different numbers of resistance genes. It is concluded that the composition of an equilibrium pathogen population growing on a multiline may vary within wide limits and the prinicipal determinant of its composition is the number of components in the multiline and the resistance genes they carry. Other factors of importance are (i) the relative contribution made by each host class (with different numbers of resistance genes) to the pathogen spore pool each generation; (ii) the levels of stabilizing selection against unnecessary virulence genes; and (iii) the way in which unnecessary genes for virulence combine to reduce pathogen fitness. Conditions for the fixation of avirulent biotypes in the pathogen population and the evolution of a pathogen superrace are given for multilines of various compositions.Paper No. 9246 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, North Carolina. This investigation was supported in part by NIH Research Grant No. GM 11546 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences  相似文献   
9.
Summary Our field surveys conducted in 10 Hungarian grape producing areas have revealed that the nutrient contents of vine leaves of different grape varieties were closely correlated with the EUF-nutrient contents of different soil types with different contents of clay. Resulting from these relationships the following EUF-nutrient values are considered as required for optimal nutrition of the vine-stock to attain grape yields of 10–12 t/ha in the areas under investigation:  相似文献   
10.
Genetic distances (GDs) based on molecular markers are important parameters for identifying essentially derived varieties (EDVs). In this context information about the variability of molecular markers within maize inbred lines is essential. Our objectives were to (1) determine the variation in the size of simple sequence repeat (SSR) fragments among different accessions of maize inbreds and doubled haploid (DH) lines, (2) attribute the observed variation to genetic and marker system-specific sources, and (3) investigate the effect of SSR fragment size differences within maize lines on the GD between maize lines and their consequences for the identification of essentially derived varieties. Two to five accessions from nine inbred lines and five DH lines were taken from different sources or drawn as independent samples from the same seed lot. Each accession was genotyped with 100 SSR markers that evenly covered the whole maize genome. In total, 437 SSR fragments were identified, with a mean of 4.4 alleles per locus. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.58. GD estimates between two accessions of the same genotype ranged from 0.00 to 0.12 with an average of 0.029 for inbred lines and 0.001 for DH lines. An average of 11.1 SSRs was polymorphic between accessions of the same inbred line due to non-amplification (8.1 SSRs), heterogeneity (4.0 SSRs) or unknown alleles (2.6 SSRs). In contrast to lab errors, heterogeneity contributed considerably to the observed variation for GD. In order to decrease the probability to be suited for infringing an EDV threshold by chance, we recommend to increase the level of homogeneity of inbred lines before applying for plant variety protection.  相似文献   
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