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1.
Keratan sulfate (KS) is present as a contaminant in chondroitin sulfate (CS) mainly extracted from shark cartilage. We report a selective removal procedure of KS in CS samples by means of sequential precipitation with ethanol. Purified shark CS containing approximately 10% to 15% KS was subjected to a precipitation procedure in the presence of increasing percentages of saturated ethanol. In contrast to other solvents, 1.0 volume of ethanol was able to selectively purify CS, with a purity of approximately 100%, from KS. The current selective and simple procedure appears to be a reliable industrial preparation of CS devoid of large amounts of the residual KS.  相似文献   
2.
初小静  韩广轩 《生态学杂志》2015,26(10):2978-2990
湿地由于具有较高的初级生产力以及较低的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的潜在有效碳汇.虽然近年来中国湿地生态系统CO2交换过程及其影响机制研究取得了一系列进展,但尚缺乏对数据进行系统性整合分析.基于29篇文献的数据,对中国21个典型湿地植被净生态系统CO2交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(Reco)、总初级生产力(GPP)、NEE的光响应参数以及Reco的温度响应参数进行整合分析,并探讨了这些指标对温度与降雨的响应.结果表明: 年尺度上,气温和降雨量对NEE(R2=50%,R2=57% )、GPP(R2=60%,R2=50%)和Reco(R2=44%,R2=50%)均有显著影响(P<0.05).生长季尺度上,NEE (R2=50%)、GPP (R2=36%)和Reco(R2=19%)与气温呈显著相关(P<0.05);同时NEE(R2=33%)和GPP(R2=25%)也与降雨量呈显著相关(P<0.05),但Reco与降雨量的相关关系不显著(P>0.05).生长季降雨量与最大光合速率(Amax)之间呈显著相关 (P<0.01),但与表观量子产率(α)、白天生态系统呼吸速率(Reco,day)无显著相关(P>0.05).生长季气温对α、Amax和Reco, day均无显著影响(P>0.05).生态系统基础呼吸速率(Rref)与降雨量无显著相关(P>0.05),但是生态系统呼吸的温度敏感系数(Q10)与降雨量呈显著的线性负相关(P<0.05),同时气温对Q10(R2=0.35)、Rref(R2=0.46)均产生显著影响(P<0.05).  相似文献   
3.
Results of experimental retrieval of plant remains (both charred modern and fossil) from three sediment types (clay, gravel and sandy loam) carried out by environmental archaeologists from the Ancient Monuments Laboratory and the Central Archaeology Service, English Heritage, are reported. For each sediment type, six different treatments were carried out using three flotation machines of the Siraf type, two other machines in use in two archaeological units and one experimental machine. The results show that there is invariably considerable discrepancy between the amount of plant material present and that recovered, that the Serif-type machine is among the best currently available and that pretreatment of particular mineral soils may improve recovery of plant macrofossil material.  相似文献   
4.
Climate change is expected to alter precipitation patterns worldwide, which will affect streamflow in riverine ecosystems. It is vital to understand the impacts of projected flow variations, especially in tropical regions where the effects of climate change are expected to be one of the earliest to emerge. Space‐for‐time substitutions have been successful at predicting effects of climate change in terrestrial systems by using a spatial gradient to mimic the projected temporal change. However, concerns have been raised that the spatial variability in these models might not reflect the temporal variability. We utilized a well‐constrained rainfall gradient on Hawaii Island to determine (a) how predicted decreases in flow and increases in flow variability affect stream food resources and consumers and (b) if using a high temporal (monthly, four streams) or a high spatial (annual, eight streams) resolution sampling scheme would alter the results of a space‐for‐time substitution. Declines in benthic and suspended resource quantity (10‐ to 40‐fold) and quality (shift from macrophyte to leaf litter dominated) contributed to 35‐fold decreases in macroinvertebrate biomass with predicted changes in the magnitude and variability in the flow. Invertebrate composition switched from caddisflies and damselflies to taxa with faster turnover rates (mosquitoes, copepods). Changes in resource and consumer composition patterns were stronger with high temporal resolution sampling. However, trends and ranges of results did not differ between the two sampling regimes, indicating that a suitable, well‐constrained spatial gradient is an appropriate tool for examining temporal change. Our study is the first to investigate resource to community wide effects of climate change on tropical streams on a spatial and temporal scale. We determined that predicted flow alterations would decrease stream resource and consumer quantity and quality, which can alter stream function, as well as biomass and habitat for freshwater, marine, and terrestrial consumers dependent on these resources.  相似文献   
5.
Tropical dry forests (hereafter TDFs) have been extensively logged and converted into croplands or grasslands worldwide. Tumbesian forests in southwest Ecuador are among the most diverse and endangered TDFs. They face seasonal droughts of varied severity and are also subjected to episodic very wet and cloudy conditions during El Niño events. However, we lack a local quantification of their responses to regional climate (temperature, precipitation, cloud cover) and El Niño which could change across sites. Here we use dendrochronology to quantify the radial-growth rates and the responses to climate (mean temperatures, precipitation amount, cloud cover and drought severity) of two major tree species forming annual rings (Geoffroea spinosa, Handroanthus chrysanthus) in three TDFs with different local climate conditions. The lowest (1.0 mm yr−1) and the highest (2.1 mm yr−1) radial-growth rates of both tree species were found in the hottest-driest and moderately hot sites, respectively. G. spinosa growth responded positively to wet, cool and cloudy conditions in the hottest-driest and moderately hot sites, but the most intense response to drought was observed in the driest site at 1–5 months long scales. H. chrysanthus growth reacted positively to high growing-season precipitation in all sites, particularly in the driest site, and to cloudy conditions in moderately hot sites. The growth of H. chrysanthus was negatively associated to the Southern Oscillation Index in the dry-hot and in the moderately hot sites. Tree species coexisting in TDFs show varied growth responses to regional weather variability, drought severity and El Niño events across sites with different local climate conditions.  相似文献   
6.
鄂尔多斯高原地区昆虫物种多样性研究   总被引:16,自引:3,他引:13  
鄂尔多斯高原有特殊生境类型,本文研究了该地区的昆虫物种多样性变化及影响因素,得到以下结果:(1)利用巴氏罐诱法得到昆虫标本约5159号,其他无脊椎动物标本291号,鞘翅目为优势昆虫类群,其数量占昆虫标本总数的45.8%,其中拟步甲和步甲个体数量较多,占所有甲虫总数92.8%;(2)根据甲虫的物种多样性和丰富度的特点将4个调查地点分为两组:一组为以荒漠灌丛为主的杭锦旗和植被类型多样化的石灰庙,物种多样性指数,丰富度和个体数量较高;另一组为以人工植被区为主的石龙庙和新街镇,物种均匀度指数较高;(3)主成分排序(PCA)可以将该地区的甲虫群落分为人工植被区和荒漠植被区2种类型,反映降水和植被类型是决定甲虫群落组成的关键因素;(4)降水梯度对甲虫物种多样性有很大影响,物种多样性指数,均匀度指数与降水梯度呈显著的正相关关系;个体数量与降水梯度呈显著的负相关关系;物种的丰富度与降水梯度没有相关关系。以上结果表明,在鄂尔多斯高原地区,只有减少人为干扰,加强保护脆弱的原有植被,才能保护特有的昆虫种类;只有大力开展固沙造林植草,才能改善环境,提高该地区的昆虫物种多样性。  相似文献   
7.
黄土高原降水年内分布差异对旱作果园蒸散特征的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
天然降水是雨养农业区水文循环的主要驱动因子,在一定程度上决定着土壤水分生态环境,从而影响作物的蒸散特征。本研究通过分析静宁地区历年降水年内分布特征,明确了降水的集中趋势,在2018和2019年田间定位试验基础上,探究土壤水分随降水发生的变化过程以及果园蒸散特征对降水年内分布差异的响应规律。结果表明: 试验区历年降水集中度较高,集中期多分布在7和8月,8月所占比例达75%,且各年降水集中期出现的早晚变化较大。土壤水分对降水的响应主要集中在0~40 cm土层,深层水分只有在大雨量和连续性降水出现时才会发生明显变化。同为丰水年的情况下,2018年降水集中度高,集中期早,时间短,果树日耗水强度呈单峰结构,变幅较大;2019年降水分布均匀,集中期滞后,日耗水强度呈双峰结构,变幅小,大峰靠后。果树最大需水期历时长,2018年大雨的集中分布无法满足后期果树生理需水,果实产量受损,降水利用效率较2019年下降30.2%。黄土高原地区在苹果树幼果生长期往往会出现短暂干旱,影响果实品质,需加强该时段的水分管控。  相似文献   
8.
Recent studies suggest the potential for use of oil formulations of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, as residual sprays for control of house flies in poultry production facilities. The current study investigated the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on biopesticide persistence. We found that flies physically removed and deactivated conidia, with higher fly densities and greater cumulative exposure hastening the decline. Nonetheless, very low densities of viable conidia were still able to cause rapid mortality, suggesting the potential for relatively long re-treatment intervals as fly populations are controlled. Considering abiotic factors, we found that fungal spray treatments remained viable for up to 13 weeks under laboratory conditions. Periodic exposure of flies to the spray residue showed high levels of mortality, with very little decline in mortality rate over time. Equivalent treatments placed in a commercial poultry house showed much more rapid decline. One trial at the end of summer showed conidia to remain viable up to seven weeks. However, repeats during the winter months revealed decay in 1–2 weeks, with fly mortality rates influenced accordingly. The exact reasons for the more rapid decay remain unclear but could be linked to high concentrations of ammonia in the basement areas, especially during winter when ventilation is minimal. The combined data suggest the potential for adaptive treatment regimes with weekly spray intervals in conditions with very high fly populations and/or high ammonia levels, and potentially monthly spray intervals when fly populations and ammonia levels are reduced.  相似文献   
9.
基于δD和δ18O的青海湖流域芨芨草水分利用来源变化研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
水分条件是限制干旱半干旱地区植物生长重要的生态因子,为了揭示青海湖流域典型生态系统下芨芨草植物的水分利用来源及其如何响应水分条件的变化,选择了自然和干旱控制条件下芨芨草植物,通过测定芨芨草植物茎水和各潜在水源(土壤水、地下水及降水)中δD、δ~(18)O组成,并利用直接比较分析法和多源混合模型计算芨芨草植物对土壤水的利用比例。研究结果表明:表层土壤水分和土壤水中δD、δ~(18)O值表征出较大波动范围,其直接受降水和蒸发作用影响,土壤蒸发线的斜率和截距明显小于大气水线斜率和截距,表明土壤水中同位素组成经历了强烈的蒸发分馏过程,而芨芨草茎水中δD、δ~(18)O值都集中分布土壤水蒸发线附近,说明芨芨草根系主要利用不同深度的土壤水。自然条件下芨芨草在生长季初期(6月)利用表层土壤水(0—10cm,45.1%),8—9月份大降水事件影响土壤含水量和同位素组成,降水入渗深度较深且芨芨草根系对土壤水分吸收的比例相差不大,表明根系在土壤含水量较高时均能吸水不同深度土壤水。在干旱控制条件下芨芨草在7月初主要利用表层土壤水(0-30cm),随着表层土壤水分的减少,根系吸收深度转向较深土壤层,而灌溉后表层土壤水分明显增加,其吸收深度又转向表层,表明芨芨草根系吸收深度能敏感地响应土壤水分的变化。另外还发现芨芨草在生长季内并未直接利用地下水。  相似文献   
10.
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