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1.
Squalene synthase (SS) catalyzes the biosynthesis of squalene, the first specific intermediate in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. To test the feasibility of lowering plasma cholesterol by inhibiting hepatic SS, we generated mice in which SS is specifically knocked out in the liver (L-SSKO) using Cre-loxP technology. Hepatic SS activity of L-SSKO mice was reduced by >90%. In addition, cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver slices was almost eliminated. Although the hepatic squalene contents were markedly reduced in L-SSKO mice, the hepatic contents of cholesterol and its precursors distal to squalene were indistinguishable from those of control mice, indicating the presence of sufficient centripetal flow of cholesterol and/or its precursors from the extrahepatic tissues. L-SSKO mice showed a transient liver dysfunction with moderate hepatomegaly presumably secondary to increased farnesol production. In a fed state, the plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly reduced in L-SSKO mice, primarily owing to reduced hepatic VLDL secretion. In a fasted state, the hypolipidemic effect was lost. mRNA expression of liver X receptor α target genes was reduced, while that of sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2 target genes was increased. In conclusion, liver-specific ablation of SS inhibits hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and induces hypolipidemia without increasing significant mortality.  相似文献   
2.
There is a diverse range of microbiological challenges facing the food, healthcare and clinical sectors. The increasing and pervasive resistance to broad‐spectrum antibiotics and health‐related concerns with many biocidal agents drives research for novel and complementary antimicrobial approaches. Biofilms display increased mechanical and antimicrobial stability and are the subject of extensive research. Cold plasmas (CP) have rapidly evolved as a technology for microbial decontamination, wound healing and cancer treatment, owing to the chemical and bio‐active radicals generated known collectively as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. This review outlines the basics of CP technology and discusses the interactions with a range of microbiological targets. Advances in mechanistic insights are presented and applications to food and clinical issues are discussed. The possibility of tailoring CP to control specific microbiological challenges is apparent. This review focuses on microbiological issues in relation to food‐ and healthcare‐associated human infections, the role of CP in their elimination and the current status of plasma mechanisms of action.  相似文献   
3.
Exposure of endothelial cells (ECs) to agents such as oxidized glycerophospholipids (oxGPs) and cytokines, known to accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions, perturbs the expression of hundreds of genes in ECs involved in inflammatory and other biological processes. We hypothesized that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in regulating the inflammatory response in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) in response to oxGPs and interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Using next-generation sequencing and RT-quantitative PCR, we characterized the profile of expressed miRNAs in HAECs pre- and postexposure to oxGPs. Using this data, we identified miR-21-3p and miR-27a-5p to be induced 3- to 4-fold in response to oxGP and IL-1β treatment compared with control treatment. Transient overexpression of miR-21-3p and miR-27a-5p resulted in the downregulation of 1,253 genes with 922 genes overlapping between the two miRNAs. Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis predicted that the two miRNAs were involved in the regulation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. Overexpression of these two miRNAs leads to changes in p65 nuclear translocation. Using 3′ untranslated region luciferase assay, we identified 20 genes within the NF-κB signaling cascade as putative targets of miRs-21-3p and -27a-5p, implicating these two miRNAs as modulators of NF-κB signaling in ECs.  相似文献   
4.
Palmitic acid (PA) is associated with higher blood concentrations of medium-chain acylcarnitines (MCACs), and we hypothesized that PA may inhibit progression of FA β-oxidation. Using a cross-over design, 17 adults were fed high PA (HPA) and low PA/high oleic acid (HOA) diets, each for 3 weeks. The [1-13C]PA and [13-13C]PA tracers were administered with food in random order with each diet, and we assessed PA oxidation (PA OX) and serum AC concentration to determine whether a higher PA intake promoted incomplete PA OX. Dietary PA was completely oxidized during the HOA diet, but only about 40% was oxidized during the HPA diet. The [13-13C]PA/[1-13C]PA ratio of PA OX had an approximate value of 1.0 for either diet, but the ratio of the serum concentrations of MCACs to long-chain ACs (LCACs) was significantly higher during the HPA diet. Thus, direct measurement of PA OX did not confirm that the HPA diet caused incomplete PA OX, despite the modest, but statistically significant, increase in the ratio of MCACs to LCACs in blood.  相似文献   
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6.
Herbivory is a fundamental process that controls primary producer abundance and regulates energy and nutrient flows to higher trophic levels. Despite the recent proliferation of small‐scale studies on herbivore effects on aquatic plants, there remains limited understanding of the factors that control consumer regulation of vascular plants in aquatic ecosystems. Our current knowledge of the regulation of primary producers has hindered efforts to understand the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems, and to manage such ecosystems effectively. We conducted a global meta‐analysis of the outcomes of plant–herbivore interactions using a data set comprised of 326 values from 163 studies, in order to test two mechanistic hypotheses: first, that greater negative changes in plant abundance would be associated with higher herbivore biomass densities; second, that the magnitude of changes in plant abundance would vary with herbivore taxonomic identity. We found evidence that plant abundance declined with increased herbivore density, with plants eliminated at high densities. Significant between‐taxa differences in impact were detected, with insects associated with smaller reductions in plant abundance than all other taxa. Similarly, birds caused smaller reductions in plant abundance than echinoderms, fish, or molluscs. Furthermore, larger reductions in plant abundance were detected for fish relative to crustaceans. We found a positive relationship between herbivore species richness and change in plant abundance, with the strongest reductions in plant abundance reported for low herbivore species richness, suggesting that greater herbivore diversity may protect against large reductions in plant abundance. Finally, we found that herbivore–plant nativeness was a key factor affecting the magnitude of herbivore impacts on plant abundance across a wide range of species assemblages. Assemblages comprised of invasive herbivores and native plant assemblages were associated with greater reductions in plant abundance compared with invasive herbivores and invasive plants, native herbivores and invasive plants, native herbivores and mixed‐nativeness plants, and native herbivores and native plants. By contrast, assemblages comprised of native herbivores and invasive plants were associated with lower reductions in plant abundance compared with both mixed‐nativeness herbivores and native plants, and native herbivores and native plants. However, the effects of herbivore–plant nativeness on changes in plant abundance were reduced at high herbivore densities. Our mean reductions in aquatic plant abundance are greater than those reported in the literature for terrestrial plants, but lower than aquatic algae. Our findings highlight the need for a substantial shift in how biologists incorporate plant–herbivore interactions into theories of aquatic ecosystem structure and functioning. Currently, the failure to incorporate top‐down effects continues to hinder our capacity to understand and manage the ecological dynamics of habitats that contain aquatic plants.  相似文献   
7.
Higher cognitive performance, maintenance of mental health and psychological well-being require adequate prefrontal cortex (PFC) function. “Inverted U-shaped” dopamine model indicates optimal PFC dopamine level is important to attain its function while high or low levels have adverse effects. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) may be involved in this complex non-linear PFC dopamine regulation. We addressed whether genetic variation reflecting COMT and MTHFR activities can explain the inter-individual mental health differences in healthy Japanese men (n = 188). The mental health was measured by Mental Health Inventory (MHI)-5 score. The rs4633–rs4818–rs4680 haplotypes were used to represent the multilevel COMT activities, while for MTHFR, the functional single polymorphism, rs1801133 (C677T), was used. We examined the effectiveness of haplotype-based association analysis of COMT on mental health together with studying its interaction with MTHFR-C677T. As a result, the relation between activity-ranked COMT genotype and MHI-5 score showed a tendency to fit into an “inverted U-shaped” quadratic curve (P = 0.054). This curvilinear correlation was significant in the subjects with MTHFR-CC (P < 0.001), but not with MTHFR T-allele carriers (P = 0.793). Our pilot study implies a potential influence of COMT and MTHFR genotypic combination on normal variation of mental health.  相似文献   
8.
A novel cloning vector that can be used to identify recombinant Escherichia coli colonies by activation of the green fluorescent protein gene (GFP) was constructed. Screening using the vector does not require special reagents. The recombinant plasmid activates GFP, and the rate of false-positive results is low.  相似文献   
9.
High glucose concentrations due to diabetes increase apoptosis of vascular pericytes, impairing vascular regulation and weakening vessels, especially in brain and retina. We sought to determine whether vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, could prevent such high glucose-induced increases in pericyte apoptosis. Culture of human microvascular brain pericytes at 25 mM compared to 5 mM glucose increased apoptosis measured as the appearance of cleaved caspase 3. Loading the cells with ascorbate during culture decreased apoptosis, both at 5 and 25 mM glucose. High glucose-induced apoptosis was due largely to activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), since it was prevented by specific RAGE inhibition. Culture of pericytes for 24 h with RAGE agonists also increased apoptosis, which was completely prevented by inclusion of 100 μM ascorbate. Ascorbate also prevented RAGE agonist-induced apoptosis measured as annexin V binding in human retinal pericytes, a cell type with relevance to diabetic retinopathy. RAGE agonists decreased intracellular ascorbate and GSH in brain pericytes. Despite this evidence of increased oxidative stress, ascorbate prevention of RAGE-induced apoptosis was not mimicked by several antioxidants. These results show that ascorbate prevents pericyte apoptosis due RAGE activation. Although RAGE activation decreases intracellular ascorbate and GSH, the prevention of apoptosis by ascorbate may involve effects beyond its function as an antioxidant.  相似文献   
10.
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