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1.
An advanced electro-active dry adhesive,which was composed of a mushroom-shaped fibrillar dry adhesive array actuated by an Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) artificial muscle reinforced with nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages (NCNCs),was developed to imitate the actuation of a gecko's toe.The properties of the NCNC-reinforced Nafion membrane,the electromechanical properties of the NCNC-reinforced IPMC,and the related electro-active adhesion ability were investigated.The NCNCs were uniformly dispersed in the 0.1 wt% NCNC/Nafion membrane,and there was a seamless connection with no clear interface between the dry adhesive and the IPMC.Our 0.1 wt% NCNC/Nafion-IPMC actuator shows a displacement and force that are 1.6-2 times higher than those of the recast Nafion-IPMC.This is due to the increased water uptake (25.39%) and tensile strength (24.5 MPa) of the specific 3D hollow NCNC-reinforced Nafion membrane,as well as interactions between the NCNCs and the sulfonated groups of the Nafion.The NCNC/Nafion-IPMC was used to effectively actuate the mushroom-shaped dry adhesive.The normal adhesion forces were 7.85 mN,12.1 mN,and 51.7 mN at sinusoidal voltages of 1.5 V,2.5 V,and 3.5 V,respectively,at 0.1 Hz.Under the bionic leg trail,the normal and shear forces were approximately 713.5 mN (159 mN·cm-2) and 1256.6 mN (279 mN·cm-2),respectively,which satisfy the required adhesion.This new electro-active dry adhesive can be applied for active,distributed actuation and flexible grip in robots.  相似文献   
2.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal X-inherited disease caused by dystrophin deficiency. Besides the relatively well characterized skeletal muscle degenerative processes, DMD is also associated with a dilated cardiomyopathy that leads to progressive heart failure at the end of the second decade. The aim of the present study was to characterize the diastolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]d) and diastolic Na+ concentration ([Na+]d) abnormalities in cardiomyocytes isolated from 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month old mdx mice using ion-selective microelectrodes. In addition, the contributions of gadolinium (Gd3+)-sensitive Ca2+ entry and inositol triphosphate (IP3) signaling pathways in abnormal [Ca2+]d and [Na+]d were investigated. Our results showed an age-dependent increase in both [Ca2+]d and [Na+]d in dystrophic cardiomyocytes compared to those isolated from age-matched wt mice. Gd3+ treatment significantly reduced both [Ca2+]d and [Na+]d at all ages. In addition, blockade of the IP3-pathway with either U-73122 or xestospongin C significantly reduced ion concentrations in dystrophic cardiomyocytes. Co-treatment with U-73122 and Gd3+ normalized both [Ca2+]d and [Na+]d at all ages in dystrophic cardiomyocytes. These data showed that loss of dystrophin in mdx cardiomyocytes produced an age-dependent intracellular Ca2+ and Na+ overload mediated at least in part by enhanced Ca2+ entry through Gd3+ sensitive transient receptor potential channels (TRPC), and by IP3 receptors.  相似文献   
3.
Unique species of ceramide (Cer) with very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLCPUFA), mainly 28–32 carbon atoms, 4–5 double bonds, in nonhydroxy and 2-hydroxy forms (n-V Cer and h-V Cer, respectively), are generated in rat spermatozoa from the corresponding sphingomyelins during the acrosomal reaction. The aim of this study was to determine the properties of these sperm-distinctive ceramides in Langmuir monolayers. Individual Cer species were isolated by HPLC and subjected to analysis of surface pressure, surface potential, and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) as a function of molecular packing. In comparison with known species of Cer, n-V Cer and h-V Cer species showed much larger mean molecular areas and increased molecular dipole moments in liquid expanded phases, which suggest bending and partial hydration of the double bonded portion of the VLCPUFA. The presence of the 2-hydoxyl group induced a closer molecular packing in h-V Cer than in their chain-matched n-V Cer. In addition, all these Cer species showed liquid-expanded to liquid-condensed transitions at room temperature. Existence of domain segregation was confirmed by BAM. Additionally, thermodynamic analysis suggests a phase transition close to the physiological temperature for VLCPUFA-Cers if organized as bulk dispersions.  相似文献   
4.
Mitochondrial hexokinase (HK) and creatine kinase (CK) known to form complexes with a voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC) have been reported to increase cell death resistance under hypoxia/anoxia. In this work we propose a new, non-Mitchell mechanism of generation of the inner and outer membrane potentials at anaerobic conditions. The driving force is provided by the Gibbs free energy of the HK and CK reactions associated with the VDAC–HK and the ANT (adenine nucleotide translocator)–CK–VDAC complexes, respectively, both functioning as voltage generators. In the absence of oxygen, the cytosolic creatine phosphate can be directly used by the ANT–CK–VDAC contact sites to produce ATP from ADP in the mitochondrial matrix. After that, ATP released through the fraction of unbound ANTs in exchange for ADP is used in the mitochondrial intermembrane space by the outer membrane VDAC–HK electrogenic complexes to convert cytosolic glucose into glucose-6-phosphate. A simple computational model based on the application of Ohm's law to an equivalent electrical circuit showed a possibility of generation of the inner membrane potential up to − 160 mV, under certain conditions, and of relatively high outer membrane potential without wasting of ATP that normally leads to cell death. The calculated membrane potentials depended on the restriction of ATP/ADP diffusion in narrow cristae and through the cristae junctions. We suggest that high inner membrane potential and calcium extrusion from the mitochondrial intermembrane space by generated positive outer membrane potential prevent mitochondrial permeability transition, thus allowing the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and cell survival in the absence of oxygen.  相似文献   
5.
Aims   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
森林生物碳储量作为森林生态系统碳库的重要组成部分,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。以小兴安岭7种典型林型为研究对象,通过外业样地调查与室内实验分析相结合的方法,从林分尺度对林分生物量与碳密度进行计量,分析了林分生物碳储量的空间分配格局,并对林分年固碳能力与碳汇潜力进行了探讨。结果表明:小兴安岭不同林型从幼龄林到成熟林的乔木层碳密度增长速率为:蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)林>兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林>云冷杉(Picea-Abies)林>樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)林>山杨(Populus davidiana)林>红松(Pinus koraiensis)林>白桦(Betula platyphylla)林。7种典型林型不同龄组(幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林)林分生物量碳密度分别为:红松林31.4、74.7、118.4和130.2 t·hm–2;兴安落叶松林28.9、44.3、74.2和113.3 t·hm–2;樟子松林22.8、52.0、71.1和92.6 t·hm–2;云冷杉林23.1、44.1、77.6和130.3 t·hm–2;白桦林18.8、35.3、66.6和88.5 t·hm–2;蒙古栎林25.0、20.0、47.5和68.9 t·hm–2;山杨林19.8、28.7、43.7和76.6 t·hm–2。红松林、兴安落叶松林、樟子松林和蒙古栎林在幼龄林时林分年固碳量较高,其他林型在成熟林时林分年固碳量较高。7种典型林型不同龄组的林分生物量碳密度均随林龄增长而增加,但不同林型的碳汇功能存在差异,同一林型不同林龄的生物量碳密度增幅差异也较大。林分年固碳量在0.4–2.8 t·hm–2之间,碳汇能力较强、碳汇潜力较大。尤其是小兴安岭目前林分质量较差,幼龄林和中龄林所占的比重较大,具有较大的碳汇潜力。研究结果可为森林经营管理及碳汇功能评价提供参考。  相似文献   
6.
Biochar additions can improve soil fertility and sequester carbon, but biochar effects have been investigated primarily in agricultural systems. Biochar from spruce and maple sawdust feedstocks (with and without inorganic phosphorus in a factorial design) were added to plots in a commercially managed temperate hardwood forest stand in central Ontario, Canada; treatments were applied as a top‐dressing immediately prior to fall leaf abscission in September 2011. Forests in this region have acidic, sandy soils, and due to nitrogen deposition may exhibit phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium limitation. To investigate short‐term impacts of biochar application on soil nutrient supply and greenhouse gas fluxes as compared to phosphorus fertilization, data were collected over the first year after treatment application; linear mixed models were used to analyze data. Two to six weeks after treatment application, there were higher concentrations of potassium in spruce and maple biochar plots, and phosphorus in spruce biochar plots, as compared to the control treatment. There were higher concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in the phosphorus plots. In the following spring and summer (9–12 months after treatment application), there were higher soil calcium concentrations in maple biochar plots, and phosphorus plots still had higher soil phosphorus concentrations than control plots. No treatment effects on fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane, or nitrous oxide were detected in the field; however, laboratory incubations after 12 months showed higher microbial respiration in soils from maple biochar plots as compared to spruce biochar, despite no effect on microbial biomass. The results suggest that the most important short‐term impact of biochar additions in this system is the increased supply of the limiting plant nutrients phosphorus and calcium. We expect that larger changes in mineral soil physical and chemical properties will occur when the surface‐applied biochar becomes incorporated into the soil after a few years.  相似文献   
7.
对采自广西、云南和广东的美花石斛(Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe)野生植株根、茎和叶内的内生细菌进行分离并测定其促生特性,采用扩增核糖体DNA限制性酶切分析(ARDRA)与UPGMA聚类分析相结合的方法对内生细菌菌株进行分类并确定优势属;在此基础上,对具有解磷、解钾和产生长素能力的菌株进行促生潜力评价。结果显示:从不同产地美花石斛植株不同部位共分离得到67株内生细菌菌株,其分布呈现出组织与地区的特异性;其中,来源于广西的植株中菌株数量最多(42株),分离自茎的菌株数量最多(34株)。67株内生细菌菌株可分为31个ARDRA簇,经16S rDNA序列比对鉴定为12个属,包括假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)、涅斯捷连科氏菌属(Nesterenkonia)、副球菌属(Paracoccus)、泛菌属(Pantoea)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia),其中芽孢杆菌属、微杆菌属和肠杆菌属为优势属;来源于广西的植株中内生细菌的丰度与多样性均高于其他两地。在67株内生细菌菌株中,有30株菌株具有解无机磷和解有机磷的双重能力、22株具有解钾能力、24株具有产生长素能力,其中仅8株菌株兼具3种促生能力。组培实验结果显示:在培养基中接种1×106CFU·mL-1芽孢杆菌DLB20菌株,对株高2~3 cm和3~4 cm的美花石斛试管苗生长有促进作用,且更有利于株高3~4 cm试管苗的生根,表明具有解磷、解钾和产生长素能力的菌株对美花石斛试管苗有一定的促生潜力。  相似文献   
8.
9.
CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and soil algal crusts of the Trachypogon savannas of the Orinoco Llanos has been analyzed using an open gas exchange system. These savannas encompass a wide range of physiognomic types, from herbaceous communities to savanna woodlands. A maximum CO2 flux of 0.207 mg m-2 s-1 was measured in the crusts of the Guanipa savannas, while in the other examined crusts (0.035–0.105 mg m-2 s-1) the flux was similar to values reported for terrestrial algae. The CO2 flux data were statistically fitted to the photosynthetically active radiation by a logarithmic relationship, and the photosynthetic efficiencies of the crusts were compared. The activation energy calculated for the CO2 fixation indicates that limitations by diffusion and photochemical processes were excluded in the Guanipa crusts (above 12 kcal mole-1), whereas they were evident in the other crust studied. An optimum CO2 incorporation as a function of the crust water potential was established and carbon gain strategies were proposed on the basis of the results and characteristics of the habitats.  相似文献   
10.
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