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1.
探讨典型黄河故道区生物炭配施氮肥对耕层土壤理化性质和作物产量的影响,阐明生物炭配施氮肥后土壤碳氮含量和理化性质的变化规律,可为合理培肥土壤、提升耕地质量、提高冬小麦产量提供科学依据。本研究以黄河故道典型区域潮土和中性生物炭为供试材料,连续两年进行田间定位试验,开展不同生物炭用量(0、15、30 t·hm-2)配施氮肥(N 270、330 kg·hm-2)对土壤理化性质的影响研究。结果表明: 生物炭施入2年后,土壤广义土壤结构指数(GSSI)增大、土壤三相结构距离指数(STPSD)减小,显著改善了土壤三相比,其中在30 t·hm-2施炭量条件下土壤三相比最接近理想状态;土壤紧实度和容重降低,土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度增加,田间持水量和透水透气性增大,土壤板结状况得到缓解;>0.25 mm粒径团聚体显著增加(增幅70.6%~94.4%),团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)增大(增幅24.0%~48.0%),土壤团聚体结构得到改善。施加生物炭可显著增加土壤有机碳含量(增幅15.8%~67.0%),并可调节土壤C/N,降低氮素释放强度,提高氮肥利用率,显著增加土壤肥力,但未提高土壤pH值,其中10~20 cm土层土壤pH值呈显著下降趋势。在相同施氮条件下,施用生物炭比不施用处理的冬小麦产量2年平均增加9.6%~25.6%,增产效果显著;在相同生物炭施用量下,高氮处理比常规氮处理的冬小麦平均增产2.5%~4.4%,但差异不显著。综上,生物炭配施氮肥能够改善土壤微生态环境,提高土壤肥力,增加作物产量。从改善土壤理化性质、作物增产效果和投入成本等方面综合考虑,推荐在黄河故道区耕作层施入生物炭30 t·hm-2并配施氮肥330 kg·hm-2较为适宜。  相似文献   
2.
This article addresses biochar from a legal point of view. It analyses different policies and regulations from a European (Flemish) point of view and provides a first and general insight in what potential legal constraints the development of a biochar industry might face and what opportunities lie ahead. This is due to the fact that biochar is a recent product and a lot of scientific uncertainty still exists regarding the consequences of its application. From the analysis it appears a multitude of policies and legislative measures influence the development of the biochar industry. Hence, it is important that all these policies and legislative measures are analyzed in an appropriate manner. Moreover, considerable lobbying, negotiating and cooperation between different disciplines (legal, scientific, economical, etc.) will be required so as to develop a feasible and safe biochar framework.  相似文献   
3.
生物炭对土壤氮循环的影响研究进展   总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15  
王洪媛  盖霞普  翟丽梅  刘宏斌 《生态学报》2016,36(19):5998-6011
在定性资料调研的基础上,基于ISI Web of Science数据库,采用文献计量学方法,针对"生物炭对土壤氮循环的影响"及其分支技术进行文献检索、数据整理、分类以及主题分析,从国际整体研究态势和分支技术主题两个角度探讨了目前国内外生物炭影响土壤氮循环方面的研究进展,并从生物炭对土壤N_2O排放、肥料利用率、硝化速率、NH_4~+/NH_3吸附、NO_3~-吸附以及土壤微生物氮素固持等6个方面的影响进行了详细论述。近年来,生物炭对土壤氮循环的影响研究急剧增温,发文量逐年增加,截止2014年6月,SCI数据库中共检索到2468篇论文。其中,期刊论文2188篇、综述性论文93篇,其它类论文177篇。美国、加拿大、英国等欧美国家在该领域的研究中占有明显优势,而自2010年以来,中国已成为该领域全球第一的年发文大国。发文热点主要集中在生物炭对土壤N_2O排放和对氮肥利用率的影响2个方面,占总发文量的73.7%。从6个方面的分支技术主题来看,生物炭的影响作用争议性较大。大部分研究认为,生物炭能够抑制土壤N_2O排放、提高氮肥利用率、促进土壤硝化速率、提高土壤对NH_4~+/NH_3和NO_3~-的固持作用以及土壤微生物氮素固持作用等,但也有研究表明生物炭会促进土壤N_2O排放、抑制土壤硝化速率,且不具备NO_3~-固持能力。这主要与生物炭的类型、老化过程,以及土壤类型及其含水孔隙率等密切相关。总之,探讨了生物炭对土壤氮循环影响的研究动态、热点及主要结论,为深入了解生物炭对土壤理化特性影响的作用机制提供了一定研究思路,为生物炭的农业应用提供了一定借鉴和参考。  相似文献   
4.
生物炭对土壤水分蒸发的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为确定干旱区生物炭的合理施用量及其对土壤水文过程的影响,采用室内土柱试验,研究了3种生物炭添加量(5%、10%和15%)和4种生物炭类型(d<0.25 mm竹炭、0.25 mm<d<1 mm竹炭、d<0.25 mm木炭和0.25 mm <d<1 mm木炭;d为粒径)对地下水补给、土壤持水能力、土壤水分上升运动和蒸发的影响.结果表明: 生物炭对地下水补给、土壤持水能力、土壤水分上升运动和蒸发都有明显影响,但生物炭原料和粒径不同,其影响效果不同;随生物炭施加量的升高,地下水对土壤补给量增大;添加生物炭可提高土壤持水能力,促进土壤水含量的上升速度,其中,添加竹炭效果大于木炭,小粒径生物炭大于大粒径生物炭;生物炭添加量较低(5%)时能有效抑制土壤蒸发,但添加量过高则可能促进土壤蒸发.干旱地区土壤适当施用生物炭可提高土壤保墒能力.  相似文献   
5.
The study explores the adsorption potential of Chrysanthemum indicum biomass for nickel ion removal from aqueous solution. C. indicum flowers in raw (CIF-I) and biochar (CIF-II) forms were used as adsorbents in this study. Batch experiments were conducted to ascertain the optimum conditions of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and temperature for varying initial Ni(II) ion concentrations. Surface area, surface morphology, and functionality of the adsorbents were characterized by Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Adsorption kinetics were modeled using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich, intraparticle diffusion, Bangham's, and Boyd's plot. The equilibrium data were modeled using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models. Experimental data provided the best fit to pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model for the adsorption of Ni(II) ion on both CIF-I and CIF-II with maximum adsorption capacities of 23.97 and 44.02 mg g?1, respectively. Thermodynamic analysis of the data proved the process to be spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Desorption studies were conducted to evaluate the possibility of reusing the adsorbents. Findings of the present study provide substantial evidence for the use of C. indicum flower as an eco-friendly and potential adsorbent for the removal of Ni(II) ions from aqueous solution.  相似文献   
6.
The interrelations between biochar (BC) and soil microbiota remain unclear. Addressing this will be important for understanding how BC affects soil properties and plant growth. Here, we tested the influence of wood-derived BC with immobilised Trichoderma viride on rye Secale cereale L. in sandy soil. We found that the addition of BC leads to a significant (P?2+ and Mg2+, as well as a decrease in the concentration of Al3+, irrespective of BC particle size and the presence of T. viride. Plant growth was stimulated in the presence of small (<2?mm) particle-sized BC. Fungal diversity, as well as an absolute and relative abundance of Trichoderma spp., was tested by cultivation-dependent methods and qPCR. Both of these approaches revealed a positive effect of BC on the survival of Trichoderma spp. under the tested conditions, especially in the presence of a small particle size fraction.  相似文献   
7.
Pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) is considered an important soil carbon (C) sink. However, there are evidences that its addition to soil may induce a priming effect (PE) thus influencing its C abatement potential. The direction, the size and the mechanisms responsible for PyOM induced PE are far from being understood. We collected approximately 650 data points from 18 studies to analyse the characteristics of the PE induced by PyOM. The database was divided between the PE induced on the native soil organic matter and on fresh organic matter. Most of the studies were short-term incubation therefore the projections of findings on the long term may be critical. Our findings indicate that over 1 year PyOM induces an average positive PE of 0.3 mg C g−1 soil on native soil organic matter and a PE of approximately the same size but opposite direction on fresh organic matter. We studied the correlation of PE with several properties of soil, of the added PyOM, and time after PyOM addition. We found that PyOM primes positively the native soil organic matter in the first 20 days while negative PE appears in a later stage. Negative PE was correlated with the soil C content. PyOM characterized by a low C content induced a higher positive PE on native soil organic carbon. No correlation was found between the factors record in our database and the PE induced on the fresh organic matter. We reviewed the mechanisms proposed in literature to explain PE and discussed them based on findings from our meta-analysis. We believe that the presence of a labile fraction in PyOM may trigger the activity of soil microorganisms on the short term and therefore induce a positive PE, while on the long term PyOM may induce a negative PE by promoting physical protection mechanisms.  相似文献   
8.
施用生物炭6年后对稻田土壤酶活性及肥力的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
利用田间定位试验,研究0(BC0)、7.5(BC1)、15(BC2)和22.5(BC3)t·hm-2水稻秸秆生物炭及3.75 t·hm-2水稻秸秆(STR)一次性施加6年后对稻田土壤肥力及酶活性的影响.结果表明: 施用生物炭6年后土壤有机碳、有效磷和速效钾含量显著增加,增幅分别为34.6%、12.4%和26.2%,土壤pH值和容重显著降低,但对土壤全氮含量无显著影响.土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性显著增加,土壤荧光素二乙酸酯酶(FDA水解酶)和芳基硫酸酯酶的活性受到不同程度的抑制,其中,BC2处理的土壤脲酶活性增加量最大,增幅为36.5%.土壤酸性磷酸酶活性随着生物炭施加量的增加而增加,与土壤速效磷含量呈显著正相关关系;土壤FDA水解酶和脲酶主要与土壤速效钾含量有关;酸性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶与土壤容重呈显著正相关.施用生物炭6年后土壤脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性明显升高,增幅分别为48.8%和27.5%,而过氧化氢酶活性逐渐下降,且显著低于对照BC0.STR处理显著增加了土壤脲酶、FDA水解酶、脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶的活性,降低了过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性,降幅分别为23.4%和15.9%.  相似文献   
9.
生物炭施用的固碳减排潜力及农田效应   总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17  
徐敏  伍钧  张小洪  杨刚 《生态学报》2018,38(2):393-404
气候变暖及粮食安全是保证人类可持续发展的重要课题。生物炭具有较高的稳定性、较高碳含量等特点,能增加土壤碳储量,提高土壤物理及化学性质,提高农田产出,能应对高温胁迫及土壤退化双重压力,具有一举多赢的生态环境效益,在缓解温室效应及粮食危机方面展现出巨大的潜力。综合前人研究成果,分析了生物炭固碳减排潜力及农田效应影响因素(包括:生物炭原料、制备温度、施用量、土壤类型等)。综合固碳减排及提高产出两方面因素,提出了较合适的生物炭施用标准,即300—700℃制备的农林废弃物生物炭,且施用量不超过5%。对生物炭固碳减排及田间效应领域未来的研究方向进行了展望。  相似文献   
10.
生物炭对农田土壤氨挥发的影响机制研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
降低土壤氨挥发量是农田生态系统中减少土壤氮素损失、提高氮肥利用率的关键途径之一。生物炭具有独特的理化性质,施入土壤后可改变土壤理化性状,影响土壤氮素循环,并对农田土壤中氨挥发产生重要的影响。本文首先介绍了稻田和旱田两种土地利用方式下农田氨挥发过程及其影响因素(气候条件、土壤环境、施肥管理等);其次,重点综述了生物炭对农田生态系统氨挥发影响的研究进展,并从物理吸附机制、气液平衡机制、生物化学过程调节机制等方面探讨了生物炭介入下农田土壤氨挥发的响应机制,认为土壤氨挥发减排的响应主要是基于生物炭表面含氧官能团对土壤NH4+和NH3的吸附作用及促进土壤硝化作用;而生物炭增加土壤氨挥发排放主要与生物炭提高土壤pH值和透气性、增强土壤有机氮矿化微生物活性有关。最后,对生物炭减少土壤氨挥发、提高氮肥利用率的研究方向进行了展望。  相似文献   
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