水杉凋落物水浸提液对其种子萌发和生长的化感作用

为探究水杉凋落物的化感作用是否是影响其天然更新的障碍因素,该文设置了8种水杉新鲜凋落物和自然凋落物水浸提液浓度200、100、50、20、10、5、2、1 g·L^-1和CK,分析不同类型不同浓度凋落物水浸提液对水杉种子萌发和生长的化感作用的影响。结果表明:(1)水杉新鲜凋落物水浸提液对水杉种子发芽率和发芽势影响不显著(P>0.05),对发芽指数有显著影响(P<0.05),1、100、200 g·L^-1显著抑制种子发芽; 水杉自然凋落物水浸提液对水杉种子萌发3个指标影响均不显著(P>0.05),而浓度为5、10、50、200 g·L^-1时则有抑制效应。(2)水杉种子芽长、胚轴和主根长度均在不同浓度的新鲜和自然水杉凋落物水浸提液间差异显著(P<0.05),并随着水浸提液浓度的增加(≥10 g·L^-1)而逐渐降低,尤其是50～200 g·L^-1范围内抑制作用显著增强。(3)新鲜和自然水杉凋落物水浸提液对自身种子萌发后生长的抑制作用相较于对种子萌发强,并且新鲜凋落物的化感效应抑制强度大于自然凋落物。(4)在种子萌发和生长指标中,主根长度对化感物质反应最敏感。(5)水杉种子的芽长生长动态变化符合“S”型生长曲线(R2≥0.988)。总之,水杉凋落物对自身种子萌发和生长具有一定的化感抑制效应,影响其种群天然更新,建议在水杉种群管理中,适当清理林下凋落物,以促进水杉种群的天然更新。     

Citrus replant problem in Iraq II. Possible role of allelopathy

The role of allelopathy in citrus replant problems was investigated in Iraq. The failure of citrus seedlings to grow normally in old citrus orchards was not caused by differences between old and non-citrus soils in electrical conductivity, pH, organic matter, soil texture and those minerals tested. Extracts of soil collected from old citrus orchards significantly reduced the growth of sour orange seedlings. Extracts and decaying sour orange roots reduced the growth of sour orange seedlings as did extracts of non-senescent sour orange leaves and decaying senescent leaves. Thus it appears that allelopathy is at least partly involved in the citrus replant problem.     

Autotoxic potential of cucurbit crops

Soil sickness is often observed in cucurbit crops such as Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo and Cucumis sativus, but not in cucurbit crops such as Cucurbita moschata, Lagenaria leucantha and Luffa cylindrica. Results showed that root aqueous extracts of Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo and Cucumis sativus were autotoxic, but those of Cucurbita moschata, Momordica charantia and Luffa cylindrica were less autotoxic to the radicle elongation of respective species. Plant growth of Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo and Cucumis sativus were greatly inhibited by autotoxic substances released from powered root tissue at a rate of 1 g per seedling. Root exudates of Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo and Cucumis sativus were autotoxic to radicle elongation and seedling growth of respective species. However, root exudates of Citrullus lanatus did not inhibit radicle elongation of Cucurbita ficifolia, which is commonly used as rootstock for the grafting of Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo and Cucumis sativus to decrease soil-borne diseases in commercial production. It seems possible to overcome autotoxicity in cucurbit crops by grafting on Cucurbita ficifolia. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

蕨类植物的化感作用及其对生物多样性的影响

植物化感作用是植物通过向环境中释放化学物质从而对同种植株和繁殖体或与其他植物之间产生的直接或间接、有益或有害的作用,它影响植物分布、群落形成与演化、作物间作等,与生物多样性保护以及农林和园艺生产实践关系密切,在国际上受到越来越多的关注。但国内这方面的研究起步相对较晚,研究范围有限,对蕨类植物化感作用的报道更少。本文系统介绍了蕨类植物化感作用的研究进展,包括蕨类植物种内的化感作用(即自毒效应)、常见的蕨类植物种间的化感作用(即孢子体对配子体的化感作用和配子体对配子体的化感作用)及蕨类植物对种子植物的化感作用(蕨类植物可通过化感作用与种子植物争夺更多的资源和生长空间)。还介绍了种子植物对蕨类植物的化感作用(主要表现为抑制作用)以及蕨类植物化感作用与动物侵食、微生物侵染的关系,研究发现昆虫侵食能增强或减弱蕨类植物的化感作用,微生物的活动可能增强某些蕨类植物的化感作用。本文从上述不同角度说明蕨类植物化感作用对生物多样性的影响,希望有助于促进我国学者对该领域的深入研究。     

地黄自毒物质提取及其生物指标测定

连作障碍在药用植物地黄(Rehmannia glutinosa L.)栽培中尤其明显,同一地块上种植一茬地黄后,须经8-10a后方可再种。从怀地黄主产区河南省焦作地区采集种植1a地黄的茬后土壤,采用不同溶剂提取地黄土壤自毒物质并利用生物测试确定抑制率最强的土壤提取液作温室栽培实验以确定对植物生理指标的影响。利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对土壤提取液和根系分泌物进行比较,并利用高效液相色谱、傅立叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)和电喷雾离子阱质谱(ESI-MS)技术鉴定地黄连作自毒物质的化学成分。生物测试结果表明水和甲醇提取的地黄茬后土壤自毒物质对地黄生长具有最强的抑制作用;在培养器中加入浓度0.5g/mL的水和甲醇提取液对地黄胚根的抑制率分别达17%和26%,当浓度增至5.0g/mL时,抑制率增加到70%以上。盆栽结果显示甲醇提取的自毒物质导致地黄地上部叶绿素含量减少,根系活力下降,明显抑制了地黄体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶的活性,加剧了地黄膜质过氧化,以及引起地黄植体内生长素类激素含量下降。高效液相色谱法显示土壤提取液和根系分泌物具有相似图谱。电喷雾离子阱质谱分析共检测到6个特征物质:香草酸、D-甘露醇、二十六烷酸苯羟基乙酯、毛蕊花糖苷、β-谷甾醇和胡萝卜苷。     

黄瓜种子及其萌发期的化感作用研究

以大白菜、萝卜、番茄和黄瓜种子为受体,采用实验室培养皿种子发芽生物测试法研究了黄瓜种子浸提液、种子萌发、胚根和芽苗分泌物、芽苗腐解物和芽苗浸提液的化感效应。结果表明:(1)黄瓜种子浸提液对大白菜、萝卜、番茄和黄瓜种子萌发均有化感抑制作用,即黄瓜种子内含有某些化感抑制物质。(2)在水浸提过的黄瓜种子萌发过程中,它不仅对其近邻套种的大白菜、萝卜和番茄种子萌发产生化感抑制作用,而且其胚根和芽苗分泌物对后茬播种的4种蔬菜种子发芽也表现出不同程度的化感抑制作用;黄瓜芽苗腐解物和芽苗水浸提液也对各受体蔬菜种子发芽与生长产生不同程度的化感抑制作用,且随着腐解芽苗量的增加或浸提液浓度的升高,各受体蔬菜种子的发芽指标值、化感效应指数值和综合效应值随之降低。(3)黄瓜种子浸提液及芽苗各器官的化感物质对黄瓜种子的萌发与生长产生了自毒作用,且黄瓜芽苗腐解物、芽苗浸提液、胚根及芽苗分泌物对受体黄瓜的自毒作用均为最大。研究发现,黄瓜种子浸提液、种子萌发时期以及芽苗各器官的化感物质主要是通过抑制受体胚根的生长而起化感抑制作用,即受体蔬菜种子胚根对化感效应最为敏感;因黄瓜种子及萌发期释放化感物质的途径有所不同,导致受体大白菜、萝卜、黄瓜和番茄的化感响应也不相同;在黄瓜种子萌发和芽苗生长的早期,化感物质即开始在芽苗体内进行合成与积累,一部分可通过胚根和芽苗分泌途径释放到环境中,另一部分可通过芽苗腐解途径释放化感物质,并对受体蔬菜种子萌发与生长表现出较强的化感抑制作用。     

Leaf and root respiration of Lolium perenne populations selected for contrasting leaf respiration rates are affected by intra- and interpopulation interactions

Autotoxicity and allelopathy affect the yield of GL66 and GL72, two populations of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. S23) that were originally selected for contrasting rates of mature leaf dark respiration, but under conditions where allelopathic effects could not occur and autotoxic effects were minimal. To investigate if the respiration properties are also affected, the populations were subjected to two conditions (monoculture and mixed culture) and two treatments (grown in `renewed', i.e. solution completely replaced every week, and `replenished', i.e. nutrients added to the solution every week, to compensate for the nutrients that had been absorbed from the solution). When plants were grown in mixed culture with a `renewed' nutrient solution, the rate of mature leaf respiration in the absence of inhibitors was higher in GL66 than in GL72. In GL66, this rate was unaffected by condition or treatment, whereas in GL72 it increased in the `replenished' cultures, due to autotoxic and allelopathic effects. In contrast with GL66, for GL72 the effect of an inhibitor of the alternative path (salicylhydroxamic acid, SHAM) differed between conditions and treatments. Effects of an inhibitor of the cytochrome path (KCN) were affected by treatment in both populations. The increase in the rate of root respiration of GL66 due to autotoxic and allelopathic effects was accompanied by a higher rate of the SHAM-resistant component, i.e. maximum activity of the cytochrome path. Roots of GL72 showed a higher control respiration rate and a higher rate of the SHAM-resistant component when long-term accumulation of root exudates was allowed to occur in mixed cultures (allelopathy). We conclude that allelochemicals can modify both leaf and root respiration and that there is no consistent correlation between yield and respiration for GL66 and GL72 in the present study. This shows that selection for low rates of mature leaf respiration is not an appropriate method to select for high-yielding cultivars in perennial ryegrass.     

天山云杉针叶水提取物自毒效应及自毒物质的分离鉴定

 天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana)是亚洲中部山地的特有物种, 在中国仅见于新疆, 主要分布在天山南北坡和昆仑山西部北坡, 对天山山地的水源涵养、水土保持和林业生产具有不可或缺的重要性。云杉天然林自然更新不良或障碍和生产力下降等问题的出现已成为长期困惑林业工作者的一大难题。该文从植物间的化感与自毒作用研究着手, 分析云杉针叶水提液的乙醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取物对自身种子萌发和幼苗生长影响实验。以种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数作为种子萌发参数, 以胚根、胚芽长度和实生苗干湿重的变化作为幼苗生长参数。研究结果表明: 种子萌发实验中乙醚萃取物具有最强的抑制效应(IC₅₀ = 5.84 mg&#8226;ml^–1), 而正丁醇萃取物的抑制效应最弱(IC₅₀> 10.00 mg&#8226;ml^–1); 幼苗生长实验中, 1.25 mg&#8226;ml^–1乙醚萃取物对幼苗生长具有显著抑制作用(p<0.05), 1.25 mg&#8226;ml^–1正丁醇萃取物能够促进其幼苗生长, 大于2.5 mg&#8226;ml^–1的正丁醇萃取物对幼苗生长具有显著抑制效应(p<0.05)。采用GC-MS-MS和NMR技术分析3种有机萃取物的化学组成, 鉴定并定量分析出了包括酚酸、长链脂肪酸、单宁酸和吲哚类物质在内的17种化合物。乙醚萃取物中存在的2-keto-4a-methyl-8-methoxy-2, 3, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 11, 12-ocahydrochrysene (在该文中, 将其命名为云杉酮)为一新的化感物质。该研究证明了天山云杉针叶中存在的化感与自毒物质是导致其种群天然更新障碍的一个最主要原因, 同时揭示了自毒作用发生的化学物质基础。