The Art Collector

Abstract

The initiating point of this paper was an article in AEPR by Peter J. Smith in March/April 2003. At the end of the article, Peter J. Smith provides a short answer.     

Restoration of Species Richness in Abandoned Mediterranean Grasslands: Seeds in Cattle Dung

Abstract Endozoochory has proven to be a highly effective mechanism in the dispersal of viable seeds in Mediterranean grasslands. We studied the effect of cattle dung application on species richness, particularly on the reintroduction of species lost after abandonment. Sown and control plots were monitored for 3 years after dung sowing. We found a significant increase in small‐scale richness, which may be attributed to the treatment, with the inclusion of species detected in the dung and in the grazed pasture. The differences in richness and floristic composition diminished over time. This experiment proves the potential utility of this treatment for the restoration of species richness in abandoned pastures, although supplementary steps are necessary, including further sowing and/or shrub cutting in subsequent years.     

啤酒废酵母中还原型谷胱甘肽的抽提新方法探讨

采用对羟基苯甲酸酯提取啤酒废酵母菌细胞中的谷胱甘肽（GSH）。研究表明,按菌体与破壁液比例1：2（W／V）加入0．5％的对羟基苯甲酸丙酯,30℃,pH5-pH6,搅拌3h能有效地从啤酒废酵母中提取谷胱甘肽（GSH）,溶液经离心后,上清液中谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量可达96．71mg/100mL。和现有的几种抽提方法比较,对羟基苯甲酸酯提取由于其提取含量高（96．71mg/100mL）、不需要复杂和贵重的仪器、易于放大、经济性强而明显优于其他抽提方法。     

Functional analysis and tissue-differential expression of four FAD2 genes in amphidiploid Brassica napus derived from Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea

Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2), which resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plays a crucial role in producing linoleic acid (18:2) through catalyzing the desaturation of oleic acid (18:1) by double bond formation at the delta 12 position. FAD2 catalyzes the first step needed for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids found in the glycerolipids of cell membranes and the triacylglycerols in seeds. In this study, four FAD2 genes from amphidiploid Brassica napus genome were isolated by PCR amplification, with their enzymatic functions predicted by sequence analysis of the cDNAs. Fatty acid analysis of budding yeast transformed with each of the FAD2 genes showed that whereas BnFAD2-1, BnFAD2-2, and BnFAD2-4 are functional enzymes, and BnFAD2-3 is nonfunctional. The four FAD2 genes of B. napus originated from synthetic hybridization of its diploid progenitors Brassica rapa and Brassica oleracea, each of which has two FAD2 genes identical to those of B. napus. The BnFAD2-3 gene of B. napus, a nonfunctional pseudogene mutated by multiple nucleotide deletions and insertions, was inherited from B. rapa. All BnFAD2 isozymes except BnFAD2-3 localized to the ER. Nonfunctional BnFAD2-3 localized to the nucleus and chloroplasts. Four BnFAD2 genes can be classified on the basis of their expression patterns.     

小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下土壤水分对降雨的响应

以科尔沁沙地主要固沙灌木小叶锦鸡儿为研究对象,在其生长季次降雨21.5 mm后180 h内,利用TDR和微渗仪测量小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下不同部位的土壤含水量和土壤蒸发,并计算该灌丛下不同部位储水量和水量平衡.结果表明:降雨结束后初期,灌丛枝干的茎流作用使其根部的土壤含水量明显高于其他部位;灌丛根部水分的入渗速率大于灌丛中部和灌丛外缘.因冠幅的庇荫作用,灌丛下蒸发量小于灌丛外裸露沙地.水量平衡表明:小叶锦鸡儿灌丛下降雨后前期蒸散量明显高于灌丛外裸露沙地,与灌丛下根系的分布有直接关系.     

Hemocyanin gene family evolution in spiders (Araneae), with implications for phylogenetic relationships and divergence times in the infraorder Mygalomorphae

Hemocyanins are multimeric copper-containing hemolymph proteins involved in oxygen binding and transport in all major arthropod lineages. Most arachnids have seven primary subunits (encoded by paralogous genes a–g), which combine to form a 24-mer (4 × 6) quaternary structure. Within some spider lineages, however, hemocyanin evolution has been a dynamic process with extensive paralog duplication and loss. We have obtained hemocyanin gene sequences from numerous representatives of the spider infraorders Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae in order to infer the evolution of the hemocyanin gene family and estimate spider relationships using these conserved loci. Our hemocyanin gene tree is largely consistent with the previous hypotheses of paralog relationships based on immunological studies, but reveals some discrepancies in which paralog types have been lost or duplicated in specific spider lineages. Analyses of concatenated hemocyanin sequences resolved deep nodes in the spider phylogeny and recovered a number of clades that are supported by other molecular studies, particularly for mygalomorph taxa. The concatenated data set is also used to estimate dates of higher-level spider divergences and suggests that the diversification of extant mygalomorphs preceded that of extant araneomorphs. Spiders are diverse in behavior and respiratory morphology, and our results are beneficial for comparative analyses of spider respiration. Lastly, the conserved hemocyanin sequences allow for the inference of spider relationships and ancient divergence dates.     

铜尾矿废弃地土壤动物多样性特征

土壤动物的恢复、群落演替及其多样性对于铜尾矿废弃地的生态重建具有重要意义.为了解铜尾矿废弃地土壤动物群落多样性特征,在铜陵市铜尾矿区设置4个样地23采样点,共捕获土壤动物4622只个体,隶属5门10纲18目29类.结果表明,铜尾矿自然废弃地与其对照组土壤动物多样性差异明显,自然废弃地土壤动物丰富度指数d、大型土壤动物密度、中小型土壤动物密度、多样性指数H'和D·G指数均小于其对照组且存在显著差异.而复垦废弃地中小型土壤动物密度和D·G指数小于其对照组且存在显著差异,多样性指数H'大于其对照组且差异极显著,其他土壤动物群落指标与其对照组均无显著差异.相似系数q表明,外围林地间土壤动物群落相似性最大,其次是复垦废弃地与外围林地间,自然废弃地与其它3个样地间相似性最小.从垂直分层来看,复垦废弃地土壤动物表聚性强于自然废弃地,尾矿废弃地表聚性强于外围林地.灰色关联分析表明,铜尾矿区土壤理化性质与土壤动物群落结构指标关系密切,其中最重要的因素是土壤含水量和总钾含量,重金属全镉含量也不容忽视,植被因素和土壤全铜含量对土壤动物的影响相对较小.由此可见,土壤含水量、土壤基质的优劣、土壤有机质与营养元素的含量等因素限制了铜尾矿废弃地土壤动物的恢复与重建,而这些因素的改善主要归功于尾矿废弃地的土地复垦和作物种植.所以,尾矿废弃地的复垦与利用有利于土壤动物的恢复与重建.     

石羊河下游民勤绿洲退耕地植被自然演替特征及物种多样性分析

采用重要值、Margalef物种丰富度指数、Shannon-wiener和Simpson多样性指数、Pielou和Alatalo均匀度指数对石羊河下游民勤绿洲不同年限退耕地自然恢复的植物群落进行了研究。结果表明:(1)石羊河下游民勤绿洲退耕地在50a自然恢复过程中共出现植物34种,14科,其中灌木6种,草本28种,分别占总物种数的17.65%和82.35%;藜科(8种)、禾本科(6种)、蒺藜科(4种)植物占总物种数的52.94%。(2)研究区退耕后50a植物群落演替经历为:田旋花→藜→苦苣菜→骆驼蒿→骆驼蓬→盐生草→黑果枸杞→红砂→盐爪爪的演替过程。(3)群落物种丰富度和多样性指数均随退耕时间的延长而呈现出波动式下降的变化趋势,而均匀度指数则呈现出在退耕初期(1～5a)先下降然后呈波动式上升的变化趋势。研究表明,随着退耕年限的增加,群落物种组成逐渐减少,植物群落演替向前发展的大致经历分为4个阶段:退耕1～5a为一年生草本和宿根植物迅速恢复阶段,退耕5～15a为一年生草本植物向多年生草本演替阶段,退耕15～30a为多年生草本向多年生灌木演替阶段,退耕30～50a为多年生灌木植物稳定阶段。     

铬对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的毒性效应

为评价水域环境中铬元素对两栖动物幼体的急性毒性,将中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)28～29期蝌蚪分别暴露于30～35 mg·L-1Cr(Ⅲ)6个不同浓度和10 ～ 45mg·L-1Cr(Ⅵ)6个不同浓度的水体中,分别在24、48、72和96 h统计蝌蚪的死亡率及半致死浓度(LC50).结果表明:暴露24、48、72和96 h,Cr(Ⅲ)对蝌蚪的LC50分别为34.09±1.06、33.47±0.65、32.58±0.11和(32.05±0.20) mg·L-1,安全浓度(SC)为(3.21±0.02)mg·L-1;Cr(Ⅵ)对蝌蚪的LC50分别为91.97±5.32、51.19±4.62、35.79±1.40和(28.81±1.87) mg·L-1,安全浓度(SC)为(2.88±0.19) rng·L-1.观察表明:Cr(Ⅲ)的急性毒性是通过与蝌蚪皮肤表面的分泌物结合后粘附在鳃部,导致呼吸障碍致死;而Cr(Ⅵ)的强氧化性可导致蝌蚪的表皮溃变,鳃部萎缩致死;另外,将28～29期蝌蚪暴露于安全浓度(SC)以下的含铬水体进行慢性实验,通过检测蝌蚪的体长、体重和完全变态时间显示,低浓度的Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)对蝌蚪的生长发育仍具有一定的抑制作用,并可导致畸型发生,其作用强度呈现剂量效应,但时间累积效应不规律.