急性冷应激对牦牛乳腺上皮细胞HSP70 mRNA表达的影响

本文主要研究了急性冷应激对牦牛乳腺上皮细胞热休克蛋白70(Heat stress protein,HSP70)表达量的影响。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,以急性冷刺激10℃为典型研究环境,分析了HSP70 mRNA表达的变化规律。结果显示,乳腺上皮细胞在10℃分别冷处理2 h、4 h、6 h和8 h,其HSP70 mRNA的表达量变化均不显著(P0.05);分别在10℃冷处理2 h、4 h、6 h和8 h,再复温培养4 h,HSP70 mRNA的表达量均极显著增加(P0.01),于6 h达到峰值;在10℃先冷处理4 h,然后分别复温2 h、4 h、6 h和8 h,HSP70 mRNA的表达量亦均显著增加(P0.01),并于4 h达到峰值。结论:急性冷应激诱导牦牛乳腺上皮细胞HSP70表达量的增加不是发生在冷处理过程中,而是发生在复温过程中,并且在一定范围内随冷处理时间的增长表达量增高。     

青藏高原牦牛遗传资源保护和利用:问题与展望

牦牛是青藏高原牧民生产生活中必不可少的特有家畜,对青藏高原区域经济发展与生态文明建设具有不可替代的重要意义。近年来,随着牦牛饲养数量增加,草地退化程度加剧,牦牛生产性能也在不断下降,青藏高原原有的土-草-畜循环和草畜平衡被打破,影响了青藏高原生态系统的协调、稳定发展。本文从牦牛的分布区域、数量变化、品种分类、品种退化、品种改良、基因组研究进展、问题对策与展望等方面,综合阐述了近年来我国牦牛遗传资源保护与开发利用的相关研究进展,为今后的牦牛科研工作和生产实践提供参考。     

牦牛HSP72蛋白的生物信息学分析

利用一系列的生物信息学软件分析了牦牛HSP72蛋白的氨基酸组成、等电点、亚细胞定位、跨膜区、疏水,亲水区、结构域、特征位点、二级结构等蛋白质性质,并同普通牛、猪和人的蛋白作了对比。结果表明：牦牛的HSP72蛋白共有641个氨基酸;在所分析的指标中,牦牛的HSP72蛋白与普通牛、猪、人相比存在着一定差异,这些差异是否与它们的分布和适应性有关,还有待于进一步研究。     

牦牛卵泡细胞及其卵母细胞不同发育时期的结构变化

采集成年母牦牛卵巢,通过光镜和电镜对牦牛卵泡及其卵母细胞不同发育时期的结构变化进行了观察。结果发现当卵母细胞被单层立方卵泡细胞包围时,微绒毛开始出现,而皮质颗粒、透明带则在包被2-4层卵泡细胞时开始出现。随着卵母细胞的继续发育,透明带增厚,微绒毛由粗短变为细长,密度增加;皮质颗粒、线粒体、滑面内质网等细胞器的数目不断增加,并逐渐移行到质膜下;在移行的过程中,皮质颗粒成团存在。在囊状卵泡中,卵母细胞皮质颗粒呈线形分布于质膜下,线粒体、滑面内质网又移向胞质中央。卵母细胞借助微绒毛穿过透明带与卵泡细胞胞质突起相联系。结果证明牦牛卵泡和卵母细胞不同发育时期的结构变化与其它哺乳动物的基本相似。     

Developmental competence of frozen-thawed yak (Bos grunniens) oocytes followed by in vitro maturation and fertilization

In the present study, we examined the ability of immature germinal vesicle (GV) and subjected to in vitro matured (MII) yak oocytes to survive after cryopreservation as well as their subsequent development following in vitro maturation and fertilization. Both GV and MII oocytes were cryopreserved by using two different vitrification solutions (VS); VS-I contained 10% ethylene glycol (EG) and 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in TCM-199 + 20% (v/v) fetal calf serum (FCS) whereas VS-II contained 40% EG + 18% Ficoll + 0.5 M sucrose in TCM-199 + 20% FCS. The percentage of oocytes found to be morphologically normal was greater (P < 0.01) in VS-I group than in VS-II group. Rates of cleavage (30.6–42.2%) and blastocyst formation (2.9–8.9%) did not differ among groups, but were lower than in unfrozen control (55.7% and 25.4%, P < 0.01). These results show that a combination of EG and DMSO or EG, Ficoll and sucrose can be used to cryopreserve yak oocytes in French straws.     

Effect of yak rumen content treatments on seed germination of 11 alpine meadow species on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is located in the ‘Third Pole’ of the world, characterized by a harsh environment. Despite this, the alpine meadow ecosystem have developed over a wide area but serious grassland degradation is threatening the ecological environment on the Plateau. Recruitment of new plants to the population, via germination and establishment, is vital to plant community survival. Previous work on the seeds in this area has mainly focused on community-wide germination strategies, seed germination characteristics and their correlations with seed size and seed mass. However, there have been no studies on the effects of soaking in rumen contents on the plant seed germination characteristics of alpine meadow species. The present study had two main objectives: (i) to determine the effect of fresh rumen content from yaks on seed germination characteristics and seedling growth of species common to the eastern Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow, and (ii) to develop an effective method to enhance seed germination. Seeds of 11 common species were collected together with fresh rumen content from three yaks that grazed there. Seed germination tests were conducted after they had been soaked in rumen content for one of six soaking periods (12, 24, 36, 48, 60 or 72 h). The seeds were incubated under natural light conditions of 8 h light at 25 °C and 16 h darkness at 15 °C, for the germination period of 34 days. The results showed that seed germination and seedling growth were affected by soaking time, seed coat completeness and seed type. After soaking in rumen content, the germination percentages of scarified (peeled or with the seed coat cut through) seeds of some species (true seeds Oxytropis ochrocephala and Medicago ruthenia var inschanica, nutlet Carex enervis, achenes Anemone rivularis and Polygonum sibiricum) and complete seeds of C. enervis, and A. rivularis were improved but the duration of soaking was also important. Seed germination of caryopsis Achnatherum inebrians (a toxic grass) was significantly inhibited by any exposure to rumen fluids. Scarified seeds generally had higher germination percentages than complete ones after treatment, but with the increase in soaking time, germination percentages declined and scarified seeds were more sensitive to the treatment than the complete seeds. After soaking in yak rumen content, the germination indices of scarified M. ruthenia at 12 h treatment, O. ochrocephala and achene Rumex acetosa at 12–24 h treatment, nutlet Kobresia humilis at 24 h treatment, P. sibiricum at 24–48 h treatment, C. enervis at 12–48 h treatment and A. rivularis at 12–60 h treatment were significantly higher than the control (P < 0.05), while the germination indices of complete C. enervis seeds at 12 h and 36 h treatment, and A. rivularis at 12–60 h treatment were significantly higher compared with the control. The germination indices of other species gradually decreased with the increase in soaking time. We concluded that yak rumen digestion could enhance, inhibit or not affect seed germination and seedling growth of the alpine meadow species, which might influence seedling recruitment, interspecific competition, and the plant community structure of the eastern Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow. Overall, yak digestion has a positive effect on alpine meadow seed germination and seed dispersal.     

高寒草甸生态系统中牦牛体重和采食量动态模型的研究

高寒草甸生态系统中牦牛体重和采食量动态模型的研究黄大明（清华大学生物科学与技术系,北京１０００８４）赵松岭（兰州大学,兰州７３００００）Ｄｙｎａｍｉｃｍｏｄｅｌｓｏｆｙａｋｌｉｖｅｗｅｉｇｈｔａｎｄｉｔｓｉｎｔａｋｅｉｎａｌｐｉｎｅｍｅａｄｏｗｅｃｏ...     

麦洼牦牛不同生长阶段肝脏差异表达基因分析

为探讨牦牛肝脏生长过程中基因的表达特征,采用Illumina高通量测序平台(HiSeqTM2500)对1日龄组(LD)、15月龄组(LM)和5岁龄组(LY)的健康麦洼牦牛肝脏进行转录组测序,并以qRT-PCR验证差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)的表达量.结果 显示,...