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1.
周琼  熊正燕  欧晓明 《昆虫学报》2011,54(9):1034-1041
甾醇是植物体内的重要次生物质,具有多种生物活性.为探明植物甾醇类物质对害虫的作用机理,采用叶碟饲喂法进行取食处理后研究了苍耳Xanthium sibiricum中分离纯化的甾醇类组分(甾醇A和甾醇B)对4龄菜青虫Pieris rapae的取食、酶活性以及中肠组织的影响.结果表明:苍耳甾醇类组分甾醇A和甾醇B能明显抑制菜...  相似文献   
2.
李杰  马淼 《生态学报》2017,37(21):7181-7186
入侵新疆的外来植物意大利苍耳和刺苍耳的果实于深秋季节成熟后,便开始陆续脱落。脱离母体的果实可能会落置在干燥的地面上,还有可能会掉落在水体中,还有部分果实会保留在枝条上并不脱落直到翌年春天。由于越冬生境的差异会直接影响翌年春天种子的萌发活性,为了评价外来入侵植物意大利苍耳和刺苍耳的入侵能力,预测其潜在分布区,为对其实施有效防控提供科学指导。故模拟了其种子在新疆自然条件下可能遭遇的冬季生境类型,设计了4种实验处理,即低温换水浸泡(模拟了落入流水或大型水体中结冰前的生境)、低温不换水浸泡(模拟了落入小型静水中结冰前的生境)、冰冻(模拟了落入水体中结冰后的生境)和干燥冷冻处理(模拟了掉落在干燥地面或一直停留在植株上的生境类型),并以室温干燥储存为对照。处理90 d后,进行种子萌发实验,结果显示干冻、冰冻及低温换水浸泡处理后意大利苍耳的萌发率与对照组无显著差异,不换水浸泡处理降低了意大利苍耳种子的活力,显著降低了其萌发能力。而干冻处理对刺苍耳种子的萌发没有影响,冷水浸泡(换水浸泡和不换水浸泡)显著降低刺苍耳的萌发率,与对照组相比分别下降了37%、65%。冰冻处理后刺苍耳没有萌发。说明意大利苍耳种子对新疆的各种越冬生境均有较好的耐受性,而刺苍耳种子对低温和水淹环境的耐受性较差。鉴于二者种子萌芽习性的特点,建议在全疆范围内的中生、湿生和季节性水涝生境中对意大利苍耳实施全方位的监控,农田、林下、路边、渠旁、湖泊及水库周围都有可能成为其潜在的入侵地;对刺苍耳的重点监测区域则应当放在低纬度、低海拔的中生和中旱生生境,尤其要切实加强南疆各国际口岸进口货物的检疫工作。  相似文献   
3.
Possible mechanisms of afterripening in Xanthium seeds   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Breaking dormancy in some seeds requires a period of dry storage. In the seeds of Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr., the process of afterripening proceeds optimally at water contents between 7 and 14%: this range of dehydration can be identified with water binding region 2, in which water is bound with low enthalpy. At water contents below 7%. Seeds remained primarily dormant over 3 years. Attempts to alter the afterripening with atmospheres of elevated nitrogen showed no effect. and with oxygen there was no consistent effect. There were no changes is osmotic value of the seed sap, or in its sugar or amino acid contents. We speculate that afterripening in Xanthium may involve some nonenxymatic reactions which remove substances which inhibit germination. Candidates for these reactions include the Amadori and Maillard reactions.  相似文献   
4.
Several isolates of a previously unreported bacterial pathogen were discovered on common cocklebur seedlings in Chicot County, AR and Washington County, MS. Diseased plants in nature exhibited angular-shaped leaf spotting symptoms on leaf margins and central leaf areas. The isolates were cultured from diseased leaf tissue and tentatively identified as Xanthomonas spp., and their virulence on common cocklebur seedlings compared. The most virulent isolate (LVA987) was used in studies to define disease progression on cocklebur seedlings and to carry out a host range evaluation on various weeds and crop plants. High virulence was found on common cocklebur > marestail (Conyza canadensis) > giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) ≥ and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisifolia). These results suggest this pathogen may be useful for the biological control of these important species of weeds. This is also highly relevant since all of these weeds have evolved resistance to one or more synthetic herbicides and are thus becoming more difficult to control with conventional herbicides.  相似文献   
5.
6.
The role of the oxidative pentose phosphate (PP) pathway in the dormancy-breaking of cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) seeds was investigated. D-[1-14C]-glucose or D-[6-14C]-glucose was fed to dormant and non-dormant lower seeds or to their axial or cotyledonary segments which were imbibed for different durations, and C6/C1 ratios of respired 14CO2 as an index of the PP pathway activity were calculated. Contrary to expectation, there was no significant difference in the C6/C1 ratios between the dormant and non-dormant seeds or segments during a water imbition period of 24 h, although the PP pathway actually operated already in an early stage of water imbibition. Also concerning the activities of G6PDH and 6PGDH, the key enzymes of this pathway, no difference between the dormant and non-dormant seeds was found. It was thus concluded that, unlike other seeds, there is no contribution of the PP pathway to the regulation of dormancy of the cocklebur seed.  相似文献   
7.
The mechanism of emergence from primary dormancy, the process of after-ripening, in cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicum) seeds was examined in relation to the involvement of volatile compounds and to the relative humidity (RH) in which the seeds were stored. The after-ripening of these seeds proceeds only at water contents between 7 and 14% which are conditioned under RHs of 33% to 53% and are identified with water-binding region II. After-ripening of cocklebur seeds occurred even in water-binding region I. imposed by 12% RH. when exposed to HCN gas during the storage period. Exposure of dormant seeds to acetaldehyde (ethanal) retarded after-ripening. even in water-binding region II. thus decreasing germinability. This decrease of germinability by ethanal was found also in the after-ripened seeds, suggesting that ethanal accelerates seed deterioration rather than retarding the after-ripening. The contents of ethanal. ethanal and HCN were high only in the dormant seeds held at 12% RH. Regardless of RH. a possible conversion of ethanal to ethanol. perhaps via alcohol dehydrogenase. was far larger in dormant than in non-dormant seeds. In contrast, the reverse conversion of ethanol to ethanal was more profound in non-dormant seeds. Pre-exposure of both types of seeds to HCN reduced the contents of both ethanal and ethanol at 12% RH. The contents of various adenylales including ATP in seed tissues were higher in dormant seeds stored at 12% RH than in non-dormant seeds after-ripened at 44% RH. It is suggested that emergence of cocklebur seeds from primary dormancy by HCN treatment at 12% RH may result from the reduction in the contents of ethanal via an unknown mechanism incurring the consumption of ATP. This implies involvement of volatile compound metabolism at the water-binding region II in the after-ripening process of cocklebur seeds.  相似文献   
8.
Evolution of HCN from both rice ( Oryza sativa ) and cocklebur ( Xanthium pennsylvanicum ) seeds increased during a pre-germination period and preceded the evolution of (C2H4). These two species were adopted as the representatives of starchy and fatty seeds, respectively. Ethylene promotes seed germination of many species. However, HCN evolution declined abruptly when the radicles emerged and before the peak in C2H4 evolution. More-over, both rice and soybean ( Glycine max ) seeds showed some activity of β-cyanoalanine synthase (CAS, EC 4.4.1.9) even in the unimbibed dry state. The activities of CAS in the lower seed of cocklebur and in soybean seeds increased rapidly after emergence of the radicle. However, the CAS of rice seeds, with high activity in the dry state, exhibited a bimodal change, gradually decreasing until radicle emergence had occurred, but then increaing. It is thus likly that HCN evolution during initial imbibition may be derived from cyanogenic reserves and controlled by both pre-existing and subsequently-developing CAS. The exogenous application of C2H4 stimulated the activities of CAS in both rice and upper cocklebur seeds and reduced their cyanogen contents. Therefore, the decline of HCN evolution after germination seems to be due to the increased activities of CAS by endogenously produced C2H4.  相似文献   
9.
苍耳(Xanthium strumarium)为民间传统药用植物,本课题组前期研究发现蒙古苍耳大孔树脂50%乙醇洗脱部位具有显著的抑制细胞坏死性凋亡(necroptosis)活性。为明确蒙古苍耳(X.mongolicum)的活性成分,活性部位采用反复硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、制备高效液相色谱、重结晶等多种方法进行分离和纯化,运用NMR、MS等波谱方法并结合文献数据对分离得到的化合物进行结构鉴定。结果表明:从该活性部位中分离得到14个化合物,分别鉴定为hydroxydihydrobovolide(1)、树莓酮(2)、水杨醇(3)、对羟基苯乙酮(4)、对羟基苯甲醛(5)、咖啡酸乙酯(6)、阿魏醛(7)、异东莨菪素(8)、3,3′-bis(3,4-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran)(9)、axillarin (10)、槲皮素(11)、(+)松脂素(12)、β-谷甾醇(13)和棕榈酸(14)。化合物1-4、7-10均为首次从苍耳中分离得到。  相似文献   
10.
Energy-use efficiency and energy assimilation, investment and allocation patterns are likely to influence plant growth responses to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]). Here, we describe the influence of elevated [CO2] on energetic properties as a mechanism of growth responses in Xanthium strumarium. Individuals of X. strumarium were grown at ambient or elevated [CO2] and harvested. Total biomass and energetic construction costs (CC) of leaves, stems, roots and fruits and percentage of total biomass and energy allocated to these components were determined. Photosynthetic energy-use efficiency (PEUE) was calculated as the ratio of total energy gained via photosynthetic activity (Atotal) to leaf CC. Elevated [CO2] increased leaf Atotal, but decreased CC per unit mass of leaves and roots. Consequently, X. strumarium individuals produced more leaf and root biomass at elevated [CO2] without increasing total energy investment in these structures (CCtotal). Whole-plant biomass was associated positively with PEUE. Whole-plant construction required 16.1% less energy than modeled whole-plant energy investment had CC not responded to increased [CO2]. As a physiological mechanism affecting growth, altered energetic properties could positively influence productivity of X. strumarium, and potentially other species, at elevated [CO2].  相似文献   
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